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6 Minute English from bbclearningenglish .com Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
I'm Rob and I'm Sam.
Having your photograph appear on the cover of a magazine makes you famous around the world, but imagine if that photo showed you hugging and playing with wild chimpanzees!
That's exactly what happened to Jane Goodall, who shot to fame in 1965 when she appeared on the cover of National Geographic magazine.
Jane introduced the world to the social and emotional lives of the wild chimpanzees of Gombe in eastern Tanzania.
Jane spent years living among families of wild chimpanzees.
Her observations changed the way we view our closest animal relatives and made us think about what it means to be human.
In this programme, we'll be hearing from the iconic environmentalist Jane Goodall.
She reflects on how attitudes have changed as science has uncovered the deep connections between humans and the great apes – large primates including chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans who are closely related to humans.
And of course we'll be learning some related vocabulary along the way.
As well as Dr Goodall, the National Geographic photographs also made the chimpanzees of Gombe famous.
People around the world became interested in the lives of a family of chimps living in a remote corner of Africa.
When Gombe's alpha female died in 1972, she was so well loved that she had an obituary in Times newspaper.
But what was her name?
That's our quiz question.
Which chimpanzee's obituary appeared in the Times?
Was it A. Frodo, B.
Flow, or C. Freud? Well, 1972 is a bit before my time Rob.
I wasn't even born then but I think it's B.
Flow. OK, Sam, we'll find that later if you were right.
Now, when Jane first visited Tanzania in the 1960s, most scientists believe the only animals capable of making and using tools were humans.
But what Jane witnessed about the behaviour of one chimpanzee, who she named Greybeard, turned this idea on its head.
Here she recalls that famous day to Jim Al -Khalili for the podcast of BBC Radio 4's discovery programme, The Life Scientific.
Jane -Jane O 'Brien I could see this black hen picking grass stems and pushing them down into the termite mound and pulling them out with termites clinging on with their jaws.
And the following day I saw him pick a leafy twig and strip the leaves.
So not only was he using objects as tools, but modifying those objects to make tools.
Jane observed the chimpanzee Graybeard finding small wooden branches called twigs and modifying them, changing them slightly in order to improve them.
By stripping away the leaves from twigs and using them to collect ants and termites to eat, Graybeard had made a tool – an instrument or simple piece of equipment, for example a knife or hammer that you hold in your hands and use for a particular job.
Previously, it was believed that animals were incapable of making tools on their own.
What Jane saw was proof of the intelligence of wild animals.
Jane Goodall's studies convinced her that chimps experienced the same range of emotions as humans, as she explains here to BBC Radio 4's The Life Scientific.
I wasn't surprised that chimps have these emotions.
It was fascinating to realise how many of their gestures are like ours, so you can watch them without knowing anything about them.
And when they greet with a kiss and embrace, they pat one another in reassurance, they hold hands, they seek physical contact to alleviate nervousness or stress.
You know, it's so like us.
Holding hands, embracing and kissing were some of the chimpanzee's gestures, movements made with hands, arms or head to express ideas and feelings.
In the same way as humans, the chimpanzees would pat each other, touch someone gently and repeatedly with their hand held flat.
Much of their behaviour was human -like.
Just as I would hug a friend to reassure them, the chimps used physical contact to alleviate stress – make pain or problems less intense or severe.
In fact, chimps are so alike -us that sometimes they even get their name in the newspaper.
Yes, Sam, you mean the quiz question I asked you earlier.
Which chimpanzee had their obituary published in the Times?
I guessed it was B, Flo.
That's absolutely right.
Well done Sam. give yourself a pat on the back.
Aha! OK. In this programme, we've been hearing about legendary zoologist and activist Jane Goodall and her experiences living among great apes – primates like chimpanzees who are humans' closest animal relatives.
Jane witnessed the chimpanzees of Gombe modify, or slightly alter, objects like leaves and twigs to make tools – handheld instruments used for a particular job.
Many of the chimpanzees' gestures, body movements made to communicate and express emotions like kissing and patting, touching someone gently and repeatedly with a flat hand, were almost human!
And just like us, the chimps sought physical contact to alleviate or reduce the severity of nervousness and stress.
And that's all for this programme.
Bye for now. Bye bye!
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