You're listening to Sleep Tight Science.
Did you know that if you visited a planet with methane rich atmosphere like Neptune, the sky might look turquoise or greenish blue?
What?! That's a whole lot of green for the blue planet.
Hello friends and welcome back to Sleep Tight Science, a bedtime show that answers your questions about science.
Have you ever looked up at the sky and wondered why it's blue and not green, purple, or pink?
Or why the sky changes color when the sun rises or sets?
Or even why space looks completely black, even though the sun is shining?
In this episode, we're going to explore the science behind something we all see every day but might not fully understand.
The sky. We'll start by answering the big question.
Why is the sky blue?
Then we'll learn what light really is, how it behaves when it meets the air around us, and what makes sunrise and sunset so colorful.
We'll even visit other planets to see what their skies look like and why.
We have covered these topics in other episodes, but not all together.
So as you get cozy and ready for sleep, let your imagination float up into the clouds and beyond as we start to learn about this interesting topic.
First, let's get straight to the point and start with giving the short answer to our first question.
Why is the sky blue?
When sunlight enters our atmosphere, it bumps into tiny molecules of air.
These tiny bumps cause the light to scatter in all directions.
But, not all colors of light scatter the same way.
Blue and violet light, which travel in short squiggly waves, get scattered the most. Since our eyes are better at seeing blue than violet, the sky ends up looking blue to us most of the time.
But let's take a closer look at what's really going on.
First, imagine sunlight as a kind of invisible rainbow.
Even though it looks white to our eyes, sunlight is actually made up of many colors, each with a different wavelength.
Red light has a long, lazy wave. Blue and violet light have short, tight waves that zig and zag more.
When this rainbow -colored sunlight passes through the atmosphere, that's the thin layer of gases that surrounds Earth, each color interacts differently with the molecules in the air.
This scattering of light is called Rayleigh scattering, named after the scientist who discovered it.
And Rayleigh scattering loves short wavelengths.
That's why blue and violet light go bouncing all over the sky like excited ping pong balls.
But then comes a twist. Even though violet light scatters even more than blue, our eyes aren't as good at seeing it.
Plus, some of that violet light gets absorbed by the upper atmosphere, so our eyes settle on blue and that's what paints the sky during the day.
Now, what about those oranges and reds at sunrise and sunset.
That's a different story and it has to do with the angle of the sun. When the sun is low in the sky, the light has to travel through more of the atmosphere.
The short blue and violet waves scatter away before they reach your eyes.
What's left? The longer waves, reds, oranges and pinks, that make the sky look like it's glowing.
So the next time you look up at the sky, whether it's bright blue at noon or fiery orange at dusk, just remember, it's all thanks to tiny air molecules, dancing waves of light, and the way your eyes perceive color.
But that brings us to a bigger question.
What is light really?
After an amazing fact break, we will take a closer look at what light actually is, and how it behaves.
Did you know that if our Earth had no atmosphere at all, the sky would look completely black, even during the day?
You would see the bright sun and stars at the same time.
This is exactly what astronauts see when they are on the moon.
Without air to scatter light, there's no blue sky to see.
Ok, so let's talk about something we use every day, but almost never see on its ownโฆlight!
Light is a type of energy and more specifically, it's part of what scientists call the electromagnetic spectrum.
That sounds fancy, but it just means a range of energy that travels in waves.
Some of these waves are really long, like radio waves that carry music to your speakers.
Others are super short, like X -rays.
But the kind we care about right now is visible light, the part we can see with our eyes.
Visible light is made up of many colors, even if it looks white to us.
You can see this rainbow of colors when light passes through a prism or shows up in a soap bubble or rainstorm.
That colorful curve is made of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, each colour with its own wavelength or size of wave. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest. Light travels at incredible speeds, about 300 ,000 kilometers or 186 ,000 miles per second.
That's fast enough to circle the entire Earth more than seven times in one second.
But despite being so fast, light can still bounce around, bend, or scatter when it hits things like water, glass, or even air.
That's exactly what happens when sunlight enters Earth's atmosphere.
The air is full of tiny molecules, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, and these molecules love to interact with light.
But here's the cool part, not all colors of light get treated the same, and that's where scattering comes in.
So now that we know what light is โ tiny waves of energy zooming through space โ let's We talk about what happens when that light meets the air around us and how that helps paint our sky with colors.
Your eyes can detect millions of different colors, but they're especially sensitive to a color called yellow -green.
That's why safety vests and tennis balls are often bright yellow -green.
They're the easiest colors for human eyes to notice quickly.
So now that we know light is made of many different colors traveling in waves, what happens when those waves bump into something, like the air?
Well, when sunlight enters Earth's atmosphere, it doesn't travel in a straight, uninterrupted line.
Instead, it meets billions and billions of tiny particles, mostly nitrogen and oxygen molecules floating in the air.
These particles are way smaller than the width of a human hair, but they're just the right size to scatter light in all directions.
This kind of scattering is called Rayleigh scattering, named after the scientist who first explained it.
And here's the fun part.
It doesn't affect all colors of light equally.
Shorter waves, like violet and blue, get scattered much more than longer waves, like red and yellow.
So when sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the violet and blue parts of the light get bounced around the most. You might be wondering, wait a minute, if violet gets scattered even more than blue, why isn't the sky violet?
That's a great question.
There are a couple of reasons.
First, our eyes are much better at seeing blue than violet.
Human eyes have special cells called cones that detect color, and we have fewer cones that respond to violet light.
Second, some of that violet light gets absorbed by the upper parts of our atmosphere before it reaches us.
With both these things happening, blue becomes the color our eyes pick up the most. So with violet mostly out of the way and blue being scattered in every direction, our eyes see the sky as...you guessed it...
blue. And now that we've got the daytime sky figured out, you might be wondering...
why does the sky look so different at sunrise and sunset?
Let's move on and find out.
Sometimes, after a volcanic eruption, sunsets around the world become even more colorful.
This happens because volcanoes shoot tiny particles high into the atmosphere that scatter sunlight in spectacular ways.
After the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, people saw bright purple, green, and crimson sunsets for almost three years.
If you've ever watched the sun rise or set, you've probably noticed how the sky turns into a painting of reds, oranges, and pinks.
So what's going on?
Why isn't the sky always blue?
The answer is all about distance and a little extra atmosphere.
When the sun is high in the sky during the day, sunlight takes a fairly short path through the atmosphere to reach your eyes.
But during sunrise and sunset, the sun is lower on the horizon, which means the light has to travel through a much longer stretch of atmosphere to reach you.
And remember what we learned about scattering?
The shorter wavelengths like blue and violet get scattered first. So when sunlight has to travel farther, there's more chance for those colors to get scattered away completely, bouncing off particles and never making it to your eyes.
What's left behind the longer wavelengths like red, orange and yellow.
These colors don't scatter as easily, so they push through and light up the sky with warm, glowing hues.
The exact colors you see depend on things like how much dust, smoke, or water vapor is in the air.
That's why sunsets can look different each day.
Sometimes soft and peachy, other times bold and fiery red.
So next time you see a stunning sunrise or sunset, you'll know.
It's all thanks to light traveling farther, blue light being scattered away, and red light sticking around to say hello.
Next, have you ever wondered why space looks so completely black even though the sun is so bright?
Let's find out right after our next fun fact.
Did you know that if you were floating in space wearing a white space suit and you looked down at your hands, they would appear brilliantly white where the sunlight hits them but completely black in the shadows.
Without atmosphere to scatter light, shadows in space are much darker than shadows on Earth.
If the sun is shining all the time and sending out so much light, why does space look so โฆ black?
The answer is all about atmosphere, or in this case, the lack of it.
On Earth, we see a bright blue sky during the day because sunlight hits all the tiny particles in our atmosphere.
These particles scatter the blue light which fills the whole sky and makes it glow.
But space? Space doesn't have an atmosphere.
At least, not like Earth does.
There's no air, no dust โ well, not much โ and nothing to scatter the sunlight.
So, even though the Sun is beaming light in all directions, if you're out in space, the only things you see are the objects that sunlight directly hits, like planets, moons, or astronauts.
Everything else just looks dark.
If you've ever seen photos from the Moon or the International Space Station, you might notice something interesting.
The sky behind the astronauts is completely black, even when the Sun is shining.
That's because without air to scatter light, the sunlight travels in straight lines and doesn't light up the space around it.
So in short, the sun is bright.
But in space, there's no atmosphere to spread that light around.
That's why space looks like a vast, black blanket even on the sunniest of days.
But Earth isn't the only planet with a sky So what do other skies look like?
Jupiter has the largest and most powerful aurora, like Earth's Northern Lights, in our solar system.
These light shows are one thousand times more energetic than Earth's auroras, and can be larger than the entire Earth.
So we've talked all about the skies here on Earth, But what about the skies on other planets?
Do they look blue too?
The answer is not always.
The colour of a planet's sky depends on two main things.
One, what its atmosphere is made of.
And two, how light gets scattered in that atmosphere.
Let's start with Mars, our dusty, red neighbor.
You might think the Martian sky would be red like the surface, but during the day, it's usually a pale yellow or butterscotch color.
That's because Mars has a super thin atmosphere filled with fine dust. The dust scatters the sunlight differently than Earth's air does, And at sunset on Mars, the sky turns blue around the setting sun. It's like a backwards version of Earth.
Now, what about Venus, the second planet from the Sun?
Venus has a super thick atmosphere full of clouds made from sulfuric acid.
The sky there would probably look yellowish white or orange, and because it's so cloudy, you wouldn't see the sun at all.
Just a bright, hazy glow.
And on Titan, Saturn's largest moon, the sky is orange.
That's because Titan's atmosphere is filled with thick smog made of nitrogen and methane.
The haze makes it look like a never ending sunset.
Even Uranus and Neptune have sky colors.
Their skies look blue -green, partly because of methane gas, which absorbs red light and reflects blue and green.
So, depending on where you are in the solar system, the sky might look blue, yellow, orange, or something you've never seen before.
Earth's sky might be the most familiar, but it's just one version of how starlight and air come together to paint the sky.
In this episode, we learned why the sky is blue, and so much more.
We discovered that sunlight might look white, but it's actually made of many colors, like a hidden rainbow.
We learned how light travels in waves and how tiny air molecules in our atmosphere scatter the light, especially the blue parts, which is why the sky looks blue to our eyes during the day.
We also explored how the sky changes at sunrise and sunset, turning fiery red and orange as the sunlight passes through more of the atmosphere.
And we found out why space looks black, even though the sun is still shining.
There's just no air out there to scatter the light.
Finally, we zoomed across the solar system to peak at skies on other planets, where different atmospheres mean very different colors overhead.
So, next time you look up at the sky, whether it's bright blue, golden at sunset, or deep and starry at night, remember, you're seeing light bouncing, bending, and telling stories across the sky.
Thank you to Newton age 7 in Norwich, UK who introduced our show.
You were super awesome.
Thank you to Harrison, age 5 in Castle Rock, Colorado.
Lucas, 4 and a half years old in Los Angeles, California.
Paul Alexander, age 7 from Long Island, New York.
Hannah, 4 years old.
Gareth, 6 years old from Singapore.
Henry. Gordon, six years old from Hamilton, Ontario in Canada.
Lily, age eight. Ronan, age five.
And Asher, age two.
Alkala of Rutherfordton, North Carolina.
And Alfred from Cambridge, Ontario for asking questions that spark our curiosity and keep us learning.
We would love to hear from you.
Ask your parents to help you write us a note to the email address in our show notes.
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Did you know your brain can go on amazing adventures while you sleep?
You might dream about soaring high above the clouds to explore why the sky is blue or gently floating through a rainbow to see how light bends and scatters into all its beautiful colors.
Maybe you'll ride a beam of sunlight as it zigzags through Earth's atmosphere, bouncing off tiny air molecules and lighting up the day.
Or maybe you'll visit other planets, watching golden skies on Mars, orange ones on Titan, or a swirling storm on Jupiter bigger than the whole Earth.
You could become a stargazing scientist building your own space telescope to search for colors in the skies of distant worlds.
Or invent a new kind of sunglasses that change color with the sky.
Whether you're dreaming of dancing with daylight, or painting with the colors of the sunset, your imagination can take you anywhere.
Who knows? Maybe tonight, you'll dream of becoming a scientist who helps the world understand its Just a little better.
Good night. Sleep tight.
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