Hey, it's Rachel Martin.
I'm the host of Wildcard from NPR.
For a lot of my years as a radio host, silence sort of made me nervous.
That pause before an answer, because you don't know what's going on on the other side of the mic.
But these days, I love it.
Hmm.
Ah.
Gosh.
Give me a minute.
Yeah, yeah.
Think.
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You're listening to Shortwave from NPR.
Hey Shortwavers, it's Regina Barber, and this week marks a very special anniversary in the world of physics.
It's the 10th anniversary of a chirp, the chirp heard around the world.
Did you hear it?
I'll play it for you again.
That is a gravitational wave.
Physicists have converted it to sound waves so our ears can hear it.
It may sound cute and maybe like a sonogram, but don't be fooled.
Gravitational waves are produced by some of the most extreme violent events in our universe, like colliding black holes or two neutron stars smashing into each other.
And the existence of these waves was first predicted by Albert Einstein over a century ago.
Yeah, but he thought no one would ever detect them.
Yeah.
That's NPR science correspondent Nell Greenfield.
Boys, hey, Nell.
Hey there.
So I know you've been covering gravitational waves for a long time now.
I remember actually right after LIGO was built.
LIGO stands for Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory.
That's what's been finding these gravitational waves.
It was built in 1999 and people from the observatory would come to my university because we were kind of nearby and they'd give talks and they were so excited.
They said that they would be detecting gravitational waves very soon, But it wasn't soon.
It took over a decade.
Yeah, I mean, they were at this for a long time.
So long.
It was amazing, actually, that the National Science Foundation, which funded this, kept it going.
And eventually, you know, they detected them on September 14th, 2015.
It was a huge, huge deal.
And pretty soon after, some of the key people won the Nobel Prize.
It's hard to believe it's been 10 years.
Yeah, no, I remember the excitement when it happened.
And I like to say that a gravitational wave is like a ripple in reality itself, but maybe that's not very helpful.
So what do you think is the best way of explaining like what a gravitational wave really is?
Huh, a ripple in reality.
I mean, that's kind of what it is.
I mean reality in terms of like space and time, which I think people sort of experience as these sort of solid things, you know, sort of things like you knock on a table it's solid, or like the earth is solid.
The moon is solid.
But, you know, in fact, things are much more jiggly than that.
Yeah.
I mean, I like to think of space time being viscous, maybe like the stuff that like kids make at home with cornstarch.
Some call it flubber.
Flubber.
I don't think I've ever made flubber.
I mean, I think of it more like jello, right?
Like sort of jiggly, jiggly and You know, you can poke it and it jiggles.
And in the universe, when you have extreme things like big things that go boom, that can send out shockwaves through space time itself.
And those shockwaves or jiggles like those are gravitational waves and they.
They propagate out, you know, from the smash up sort of like ripples in a pond.
You know, you throw the pebble in and it disturbs things and the and the ripples come out.
And I was talking to Max Easey.
He's at Columbia University.
And he was telling me you know these waves, they don't just move through.
You know stuff outside of us, like the earth.
I mean, they actually go through us like our own bodies.
So the effect of a gravitational wave is to stretch and squeeze distances as that gravitational wave goes through.
So at one moment, it makes me taller and thinner.
The next moment, it makes me shorter and fatter.
But we don't notice, of course.
Yeah, because that effect is like so small, right?
Yeah.
I mean, to detect this really small effect, researchers had to build these massive instruments.
So there's these facilities in Washington State.
There's one in Louisiana.
And basically, you know, they work by sending lasers down these long pipes.
I mean, I'm talking like two and a half miles long.
And you know, if a gravitational wave rolls through stretching space, these facilities can detect it.
I mean, they detect a tiny, tiny change in the distance traveled by the lasers.
So a tiny, tiny change.
Like how tiny are we talking about?
Like a fraction of the width of a subatomic particle.
Wow.
Today on the show, 10 years of detecting gravitational waves.
We plunge into the extreme cosmic events that produce these waves and what scientists are learning about them.
You're listening to Shortwave, the science podcast from NPR.
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Okay, now let's get into this time machine.
Let's go back 10 years, back to the chirp.
What was the violent event that made those particular gravitational waves those first ones that were ever detected?
So that was two black holes coming together.
So each of these black holes was about 30 times the mass of our sun.
And they basically circled together and circled closer and closer and closer.
And then they finally merged into one, a new black hole.
And so this event took place over a billion years ago, like 1.3 billion years ago.
And it took that long for the gravitational waves to reach Earth and trigger the detectors.
That's so cool.
You know, black holes, they're hard to study, right?
Because they're basically invisible.
Their gravity, you know, sucks in everything that's close to them, including light.
And I remember when I was in grad school, professors said light was the only thing we astronomers use to study the universe.
So these gravitational wave detectors, they're completely different.
They're a completely different tool.
Exactly.
Some people have compared it to listening to the universe instead of looking at it.
You know I mean looking at it with telescopes has been the mainstay of astronomy since the days of Galileo.
Right.
So hundreds of years they've been using telescopes to look at light.
And this was a huge, huge change.
Yeah.
So so, going into this, like when they were building these detectors, what kind of extreme cosmic events were astronomers listening for?
What did they think they would find?
So I asked Gabriela Gonzalez that she's a gravitational wave researcher at Louisiana State University who was working on this project, you know, for a long time.
And I asked her you know what did you expect when these things were being built, these detectors?
You know what would they catch?
And she said, well, they thought they would probably hear collisions between two neutron stars.
So neutron stars are these super dense stars that are kind of like small.
They're the size of a city, but they're, you know, a star, a massive star.
Yeah.
Pairs of black holes that orbited each other?
Like, that wasn't the focus.
Wow.
We knew very little about them.
We didn't really expect to see them, certainly not so soon.
But since then, it's almost the only thing we have seen.
Over the last 10 years, they've detected hundreds of pairs of black holes merging.
Wow.
That is so many black holes.
Yeah.
I mean, there have been a few occasions when the gravitational waves came from something else.
I do remember that.
Yeah.
There was this one beautiful collision between two neutron stars, and they sensed it and were actually able to point telescopes in the right direction to capture the light from that event.
So that one they actually saw.
That was a truly beautiful, historic and spectacular observation, but it's mostly been black holes.
We have seen so many black hole mergers.
We're learning so much about them that sometimes I feel tempted to call this black hole astronomy rather than gravitational wave astronomy.
At this point, they're detecting a black hole merger every three days, like every couple of days.
Going from not seeing anything from over a decade to this, it's so amazing.
So what have they learned?
Well, like, let's just look at one example, OK?
So here's a gravitational wave detection from earlier this year.
It came in on January 14th, 2025, right?
And this is what the wave sounded like when they converted it to sound waves.
This sounds a little deeper, like more whooshing instead of chirping.
So is that two black holes coming together like the first example that was played earlier?
Yeah.
And when I was talking to this researcher at Caltech, Katerina Hatsioanu, here's what she said.
It's actually quite interesting.
If you look at the signal, it looks very similar to the black holes that created the first signal 10 years ago.
They're about 30 times the mass of the sun and they are about 13 billion light years away from Earth.
But she says the detectors have been substantially upgraded over the years.
So now the signal is much clearer.
In fact, that was the clearest signal to date.
And that meant they could do all kinds of tests for basic theories about black holes.
So one of the tests that we could do with this signal is test the nature of the final black hole and confirm that it looks exactly like the spinning black hole of general activity.
And I'm assuming that it did?
Absolutely.
It was just like they thought it should be, which, you know, always makes scientists happy.
They were also able to test out an idea that famous physicist Stephen Hawking came up with all the way back in 1971.
Which says that the event horizon of a black hole, the region...
So the basic idea is that, even though things are happening in a black hole merger that would seem to go against that, the surface area of the black hole has always got to get bigger.
Wow.
OK, so did that turn out to be true when they tested it?
Yep.
So the initial black holes combined had a total surface area that was like roughly the size of Oregon.
OK.
And then they were able to tease out from the data the surface area of the final black hole that was created when they merged.
And it was like way bigger.
It was like roughly the size of California.
That's so weird.
I mean, it is too bad that Stephen Hawking wasn't around to see it, though.
Yeah, I mean, he was alive when the first gravitational wave detection happened.
And he actually asked a member of the research team if they could use gravitational waves to test his idea about the area of black holes.
But back then they couldn't because the data was just too cluttered up.
And when I was talking to Max Easey at Columbia, he was noting that back in the 1970s, when Stephen Hawking came up with this one, like people weren't even totally sure that black holes were real.
Yeah.
Okay?
They were just coming up with all of these ideas using just kind of like theory and pure math.
All of these ideas that people thought up in the 70s thinking it was just idle speculation, now they are manifested in actual data.
We see these things happening almost exactly as predicted.
He told me, you know, it would like really blow Albert Einstein's mind to know that they're able to catch gravitational waves from colliding black holes every few days.
That is what is happening.
That is what's happening, after like decades of work and, you know, over a billion dollars to create these giant detectors.
And you've got hundreds of scientists all over the world working on this, too.
Yeah.
And, you know, the work never stops, right?
Because researchers already have plans for even bigger, more sensitive detectors.
One of them, they call it the Cosmic Explorer.
And so that one would send lasers down pipes that are more than 20 miles long.
What?
Obviously, they need to get funding and support.
Right.
So that's not easy these days with the Trump administration trying to cut a lot of basic science.
But, you know, there's also new projects going on in Europe.
So who knows?
I mean, 10 years from now, they could be seeing things that they're not even imagining right now.
And now I hope you come back and tell us all about it.
Well, if we are still around, you know, it would be my pleasure.
This episode was produced by Hannah Chin.
It was edited by Amina Khan, Nell Greenfield-Boyce, and Tyler Jones checked the facts.
Jimmy Keeley was the audio engineer.
Beth Donovan is our senior director and Colin Campbell is our senior vice president of podcasting strategy.
I'm Regina Barber.
Thank you for listening to Shortwave from NPR.
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