This is 99% Invisible.
I'm Roman Mars.
Caroline Fraser grew up on the beautiful Mercer Island in Washington State.
But despite the seemingly peaceful landscape, her memories of the area were long haunted by an inexplicable amount of death.
In the 1970s, when Caroline was a teenager, the infamous serial killer Ted Bundy committed his first confirmed murders not far from where Caroline lived.
Then there was the man who lived down the street who blew up his house with his family inside.
I mean, it was just this horrific and inexplicable thing which I think just stayed with me because I didn't understand it.
Over the following years, Caroline would learn of more deaths, some by murder and suicide, others from car accidents, while driving on the poorly designed Mercer Island Bridge.
To Caroline, it felt as if there was a dark cloud looming above her corner of the world.
And in fact, there was.
The cloud was coming from a giant smokestack just outside of Tacoma Washington, and it was made up of lead arsenic.
The 70s and 80s were the heyday of the mining and smelting of heavy metals in America, metals like copper, lead and zinc, which all released huge amounts of toxic fumes into the air.
The same time period saw another awful trend, a massive spike in serial killings.
These are two seemingly unrelated histories.
But Caroline set out on a quest to see if there was some kind of connection here between environmental pollution and serial killing.
She remembers seeing a specific article in a local paper that gave her this nagging feeling.
And it was basically a kind of encyclopedia of all the serial killers who were associated with Seattle or the region there.
And there were so many.
And I just thought, wow, that's really bizarre.
You know, just a list that just went on and on.
It just cried out for some kind of explanation.
In her new book Murderland, Crime and Bloodlust in a Time of Serial Killers, Caroline argues that the wave of serial killing in the 1970s and 80s might be related to the smelting industry's environmental pollution and that all those toxic fumes in the Pacific Northwest possibly fueled a generation of serial killers.
Caroline has written books about a lot of different things.
Her first book was a biography of the woman who founded the Christian Science Church, and her Pulitzer Prize-winning book Prairie Fires was about Laura Ingalls Wilder, the author who wrote the children's book series Little House on the Prairie.
One thing that all these books, including Murderland, have in common is that they're all actually about the environment.
People have used the term Trojan horse.
You know that I'm using serial killers to sell an environmental story or something.
Which I think is maybe a little too programmatic or something, but...
These things, just they do occur to me just because I think I'm just sort of hyper aware of what has happened to the environment, what we've done to it, how we've carved it up.
You know we think that we're safe in the environments that we have created, when I think that's not true at all.
Murderland is a book with a rotating cast of villains.
There's Asarco, the company that's operated giant smokestacks across the country since the late 1800s.
There's the deadly Mercer Island floating bridge and the engineers behind it.
And then, of course, there are the serial killers of the Pacific Northwest.
The book is a blend of true crime, memoir, and environmental history, all woven together.
And it also features a lot of intriguing design elements.
So I invited her into the studio to talk with me.
So, Caroline...
One of the things that struck me about this book is that, you know, I think all of us are main characters of our own story.
But it struck me, you know, you began to research this place that you're from.
And in many ways, you discovered that it actually is kind of special.
Like it's the center of something that is different and alarming.
And that difference can be attributed to design decisions made by people, like decisions about where the Asarco smelter is placed and decisions about the design of the bridge and all that sort of stuff.
Yeah.
And so we'll get to the serial killers, I promise, if people are tuning in for serial killer talk.
But first I wanted to talk about maps, because you seem to use maps a lot to make sense of how all these different things fit together.
And, in fact, your book opens with the discovery of of a specific map, and this is a map that actually led you to start seeing this connection between Asarco's impact on the environment and serial killing.
So tell me about this map.
Yes, and the Asarco map was something that really inspired this book in a lot of ways.
The map is put out by the Department of Ecology in Washington state.
They published this GIS map that showed the whole plume of pollution that was caused by a smelter in Tacoma, which I relate to various incidents in the book.
And that plume map is so fascinating to me and just the minute that I saw it I just was kind of overwhelmed by the possibilities that it presented, because you can plug in your address or any address in the Seattle area, Tacoma area, and see how much pollution it may have received from the smokestack at the lead smelter in Tacoma.
And so how did you first learn of the company Asarco and discover this GIS map?
Like, was there this like aha moment that led you down the path of research for this book?
Yeah, there definitely was a moment which occurred because my husband and I decided that, you know, we wanted to maybe look for some property up in the Northwest, because I still have family up there.
And this was around 2014.
We went up there to look at some pieces of property.
And one of these pieces was on Vashon Island, which is an island in Puget Sound, just across from West Seattle.
And, And one of the real estate ads said and this is at a point where I knew nothing about the smelter
I knew nothing about any of the pollution.
The real estate ad said, arsenic remediation necessary.
And I read that and I thought what could possibly have caused that enough arsenic on Vashon Island that it needed to be remediated?
Because I was familiar with Vashon, which is a beautiful kind of rural island where you know we used to go when I was a kid because my mom had a friend there who had a beautiful garden and we ate strawberries out of our garden.
After this visit, I looked up the arsenic.
I was trying to figure out what caused this.
And, of course, immediately found references to Asarco, because Vashon was one of the areas that was heavily slimed by the stuff that was coming out of the smokestack, because it was right across the water.
Yeah.
Okay.
So in Murderland, you trace the rise and fall of this company, Asarco.
And on top of that, timeline and geography.
The book weaves in and out stories from your own life and memory and the rise and fall of the Mercer Island Bridge.
And you write in great detail about the personal histories and activities of various serial killers.
You once gave this interview where you said that you had a box in your office labeled serial killers.
How long have serial killers been an interest of yours?
Where do you think that began for you?
Oh, I know exactly when it began.
It began in July of 1974, when two women disappeared from a beach at Lake Sammamish, which is right next to Lake Washington.
It's only a few miles away.
And they were the two victims of Ted Bundy who really, I think, because...
They disappeared at the same time.
Their disappearances made it clear that this sporadic series of abductions of women that had been taking place in Seattle and other cities nearby were all tied together.
And I think you have to realize that the whole phenomenon of serial killers had not really gelled yet.
At that point.
I mean it may have gelled for people in the FBI who were working on a profiling program.
But for the general public, we just weren't really aware that that was something that even existed.
And so the idea that there was somebody out there plucking women out of their dorm rooms or their, you know, off of streets, and they just vanished, was bizarre, just profoundly strange and frightening.
And so that, I think, was the moment when I became aware of the whole issue of this kind of crime, especially its connection to the Pacific Northwest.
Yeah.
I found the cover of your book really striking.
You have this a Sarco smelting plant in the background and Ted Bundy's face in the foreground.
And the images kind of blend into each other.
And Ted Bundy's head is also the cloud of pollution coming out of the smokestack behind him.
It's this great visual representation for the way you lay out the book, sort of overlapping these histories onto each other to point out how they might be connected.
So at what point did you personally start to see a connection between the serial killing type of violence and violence, the kind of environmental violence?
I think it was around the time that I began to learn about the connection between lead and crime.
Lead is associated with increased violence.
If you're exposed to it as a child, you may, you know, 20 years later, as a young person experience be more inclined to juvenile delinquency or to aggression, or to impulsivity.
And when I learned about that and around the same time learned about the presence of the smelter in Tacoma, these little light bulbs went off in my head, connecting the fact that A couple of these very notable serial killers, namely Ted Bundy and Gary Ridgway, they both grew up in the Tacoma area.
And I thought, wow, that's an interesting coincidence.
I wonder if there could be any reason for that.
I didn't really think that I could prove that these men did what they did, because they They grew up where they were in the Tacoma region.
But I just thought it was a really interesting coincidence that was ripe for exploration.
Let's explore this connection a little bit more.
So, first of all, the lead crime theory.
Like you said, it centers around this idea that lead exposure in early childhood can lead to altered or stunted brain development, which in turn can lead to a whole host of things like a lack of impulse control or increased aggression.
And the point your book is making about serial killing builds on this existing lead crime theory.
Like, you know, I remember a time when lead was everywhere.
It was in everything like gasoline and paint and kids' toys.
And so I imagine that lead toxicity was everywhere too.
So I'm wondering why you think The Pacific Northwest specifically had this crop of serial killers in the 70s and 80s.
Yeah well, it is true that all of us who grew up between the 1940s and the 1980s were exposed to more lead than we should have been exposed to because of leaded gas.
But there were certain parts of the country and certain cities where— you had smelters or other industrial plants that were emitting lots more lead into the atmosphere and other pollutants.
The notorious thing about the Tacoma smelter was that it was releasing extraordinary amounts of lead particulates, but it was also releasing arsenic.
They're emitting, you know, thousands of tons of this stuff in essentially an urban area.
And a lot of this lead and arsenic were falling on Tacoma, on neighborhoods, especially the neighborhoods of North Tacoma and this neighborhood called Skyline, which is where a young Ted Bundy is growing up in a house that is not only receiving lead from the smelter but also it's right next to Highway 16, which is a heavily traveled highway.
And so he's getting it coming and going.
So is Gary Ridgway, who lives near a couple of highways and just a couple miles east of SeaTac Airport.
And of course, Airplanes are also, jets are also flying on leaded fuel at that time.
So the more I looked into this, the more I was finding out about lead and how prevalent it was in certain parts of the country, in certain cities, the more I became interested in what that might suggest.
Okay, so all these environmental factors are so complicated.
How do you begin to tease apart what is causing a problem and what isn't?
Because You know there's a ton of research that you cite that people who become serial killers often experience neglect and abuse.
They often come from communities with little economic power.
And those are also the places where factories are often built because people don't have the economic power to complain about them.
So how do you begin to sort of like make sense of the complexity of the thing?
How do you paint the picture that you're painting?
Yeah, I think that for starters, you do have to acknowledge that there's a whole host of problems or deficits or disasters that can happen to a person that lead them down that path.
It's not just lead exposure, but there could be genetic factors.
There are now certain genes that may be associated with increased aggression.
There's, as you say... violence in the home, domestic abuse, sexual abuse, head trauma.
So, yes, there are many, many things that go into this.
And I think that what appealed to me was telling the facts that I knew about Asarco, how Asarco behaved, to follow their history of lying about what they were doing.
You know, as communities became more and more concerned about the health effects that they were seeing, you know asthma.
You know all kinds of respiratory problems.
Pets were dying.
You know they couldn't grow things in their neighborhoods because they're being killed by arsenic.
There just was an increasing sense throughout the 60s and into the 70s that these industrial plumes were really dangerous and people were really struggling to try and get a hold of the facts about how worried should we be.
And yet the companies were incredibly dishonest and even the research that they were doing behind the scenes they were keeping from the public.
So the behavior of the companies eventually came to me to sort of mirror the behavior of the serial killers in a way that I thought was important and worth paying attention to.
Yeah.
I mean, that's the thing that's so fascinating.
When I read, it is like there's lots of psychopathy on display and it's not just serial killers anymore.
It's astonishing.
It really is.
The lengths to which these companies would go to protect themselves, protect their institutions.
They actually did, you know, have conversations about how much they were going to have to pay the families of the kids who were lead poisoned.
And they were comparing those payouts that they might have to make as a result of lawsuits to the amount of profit that they were going to make.
They weren't questioning their behavior in any way.
They were just simply saying well, you know, if it costs us 11 million per kid, we can still make a profit.
Coming up.
We'll talk more about deadly infrastructure and how the Mercer Island floating bridge fits into Caroline's book about serial killers.
I'm back with Caroline Fraser.
So Caroline, we've talked about Asarco and how its smokestacks are releasing all these toxins.
We've talked about serial killers and you write about how many of them grew up in neighborhoods with higher environmental toxicity.
And there's something else I want to talk about.
You have many recurring metaphors and themes in your book.
And my favorite is a bridge.
It's called the Mercer Island Floating Bridge.
I did not expect a bridge, and it's designed to be featured so heavily in your book about serial killers.
But in a way you present the bridge as a kind of serial killer because of how many people died while driving across it.
What's also interesting is that It's a very unusual bridge.
It's a floating bridge.
It's like a pontoon that's on the water.
It's like driving over the floor of a bouncy house.
It's a very peculiar thing.
Yes.
Yes, it is.
I looked up this morning how many floating bridges there were in the world, and there's only like 20.
And the majority of them are in Washington State.
So why did you include the bridge in your book?
Like, what is its significance to you?
The bridge became a kind of metaphor for me of engineering mistakes and the hubris of engineers because they weren't satisfied just to have a floating bridge.
They introduced this element into it, which was always called the bulge.
So, right.
You talk about the bulge, and this Other feature, the reversible lane, as these two uniquely dangerous design elements of this bridge.
The idea behind having a bulge in the middle of the bridge is to allow part of the bridge to open and close to make it possible for boat traffic to go through.
But it also meant that drivers had to navigate this curve of the bulge at really high speeds and it caused a lot of.
And then the reversible lane was meant so that the traffic could change directions based on, you know, system of lights.
And that also caused a lot of accidents.
I mean, it was kind of a terrifying aspect of the whole experience of driving there.
And so there's all these accidents on the bridge at this time.
And people are complaining, but nothing is really done.
Nothing really happens for 20-something years years, because the bridge was mired in all this litigation about how to cope with these issues.
I love the metaphor of the bridge because, on the one hand, the bridge represents this engineering marvel.
I mean, at the time it was built, the bridge was the largest floating structure to exist.
It was this massive undertaking.
And, on the other hand, there was so much human error in the design of the bridge that led to all these fatalities and also to the bridge's eventual destruction.
I mean, it's similar in a way to how you detail Asarco's lack of accountability for the damage they caused to the neighborhood surrounding the smokestacks.
And in your book you detail the victims who died at the hands of the bridge, much like you do the victims of Ted Bundy.
I mean for both of them.
There's a kind of like kind of dismissiveness, like people weren't really connecting all these deaths to any one cause.
Yeah, that attitude, the sort of, you know, shrugging of the shoulders about these you know terrible accidents.
It was really striking to me, you know, to read about this in the newspaper accounts, and it inflamed the editor of the Mercer Island Reporter book such that she began featuring photographs of these terrible crashes on the cover of the newspaper, which is why the newspaper got banned in my house.
So that, I think, is one of the things that implanted those accidents in my mind.
The fact that we couldn't talk about them made them all the more interesting to me.
To this day, I still have dreams about the bridge you know, of being on it, often on foot, and trying to get off of it.
So I want to talk about the various endings that you detail in the book.
The end of the Sarko smokestack in the Pacific Northwest, the end of the bridge and the end of peak serial killer activity in the Pacific Northwest.
So let's start with the bridge.
How did it end up going away?
They finally removed the bulge in, I'm thinking it was the mid-80s at some point.
Then they had a major rainstorm surprise surprise, in Seattle on Thanksgiving of I think it's 89 or 99.
And when there was this storm, it filled up with water and sank.
Okay, so what about the Asarco plant near Tacoma?
What ended up happening with that?
The Asarco smelter in Tacoma was becoming more and more controversial in the community throughout the 70s.
At the same time that the economic situation was changing radically for smelters because of the creation of the EPA plant, the passage of the Clean Air Act, it was becoming almost impossible to operate a smelter legally.
And so the company kept having to go and apply for variances which they were inevitably granted because of the economic importance of Asarco in the Tacoma economy.
But By the 80s, they were not going to be able to do business the way they had been doing it.
They weren't going to be able to make a profit.
And so Asarco closes that plant in 1986 and at the same time begins closing all their other facilities in the West, in Montana and Utah, such that there are now, I believe, only three primary smelters still operating in the United States.
So ASARCO starts facing all these lawsuits.
They're looking at bankruptcy.
And another major thing that happens around the same time is that the EPA finally takes a position on leaded gasoline.
And leaded gas starts to slowly phase out across the country.
It's a very interesting graph that this creates, because there's a rise in violent crime, a rise in the number of serial killers throughout the 70s and 80s.
And then, with the completion of this movement to close smelters and remove leaded gas by the mid to late 90s, you start to see violent crime drop off a cliff in the United States and other developed economies around the world.
Do you feel like you've cracked the code on serial killers?
I don't know that I have discovered the unified field theory of serial killers, but I do think that it was a time in history when this kind of activity became endemic for some reason, and I really yearned for some way to explain it.
Whether it's true or not, we'll see, but...
To me, it made for a fascinating, if tragic, story of an era that is fortunately seems to be over.
Yeah.
I mean if we can't come to any definitive, provable conclusion about serial killers.
I'm curious if you've arrived at some kind of conclusion.
I mean, this book is a culmination of a lot of open questions that you seem to have had throughout your entire life.
Do you feel like there's some kind of closure there?
Wow, that's not something I'd really thought about before.
I think in some ways, yes, the urge to talk.
To know more about serial killers, I think, is not there anymore.
I think I've spent enough time with the serial killers.
Well, I really enjoyed the book so much.
Thanks for coming on the show.
Thank you.
It's been great talking to you.
99% Invisible was produced this week by Lasha Madan.
Mixed by Martine Gonzalez.
Music by Swan Rial.
Our executive producer is Kathy Tu.
Delaney Hall is our senior editor.
Kurt Kolstad is the digital director.
The rest of the team includes Chris Berube, Jason DeLeon, Joe Rosenberg, Christopher Johnson, Emmett Fitzgerald, Vivian Leigh, Kelly Prime, Jacob Medina-Gleason, Talon and Rain Stradley, and me, Roman Mars.
The 99% visible logo was created by Stephan Lawrence.
We are part of the SiriusXM podcast family, now headquartered six blocks north in the Pandora building in beautiful Uptown Oakland, California.
You can find us on Blue Sky as well as our own Discord server.
There's a link to that as well as every past episode of 99PI at 99pi.org.
