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Jackson Pollock has been called a genius, a fraud, a misogynist, a drunk and a revolutionary.
In one extraordinary summer, he created a painting that captured the energy and ambition of a world remade.
New needs, need new techniques, and the modern artist has found new ways and new means of making his statements.
It was a world emerging from the chaos of global conflict, and the balance of power was shifting.
Europe's old cultural dominance was fading as a new centre political, economic and artistic was emerging in America, along with the first truly American art movement abstract expressionism.
In a converted barn in a sleepy fishing town on Long Island Pollock, stood over a vast canvas laid on the floor dripping, flicking and splattering paint.
To the untrained eye, it looked chaotic, random even, but it wasn't.
He wasn't painting just anything, he was painting everything.
His inner turmoil, the trauma he couldn't put into words, the energy and the pulse of his time.
Pollock would emerge as the quintessential artist embodying in every way the existential uncertainty of the post-war era.
And he would do it through a radical break from traditional form and technique.
In this film, I look at just what abstract expressionism means.
I look at the myths surrounding Pollock and modern art itself.
I look at his influences, including the social realism of the 1930s and 40s, Native American art with its emphasis on performance, ritual and gesture, and the Mexican muralists whose use of unconventional materials and experimental techniques shaped his approach.
And I look at how he went from this to this.
If a person consistently reads and advocates the views expressed in a communist publication, he may be a communist.
I also look at a lesser-known story of how art became an unlikely player in the Cold War and the global contest of ideas.
How abstract expressionism was enlisted as an unknowing agent in a shadowy propaganda war bankrolled by the CIA, to tell the story of freedom and capitalism.
After the Second World War, most of Europe was in ruins.
Cities bombed, infrastructure destroyed, economies shattered.
Partly broken, completely broke.
For decades, Paris had been the beating heart of the art world.
It was, after all, where modernism was born.
But now America, largely untouched by war and rising as a political and economic power, saw a chance to assert itself culturally too.
New York, already home to a growing community of artists, intellectuals and émigrés fleeing fascism, was buzzing with energy.
Galleries, museums and collectors were beginning to take modern art seriously, and Manhattan emerged out of the ashes of Europe as the new global cultural capital.
Many of the US artists who helped shape this new movement were children of the Depression.
Their formative years have been shaped by poverty and hardship.
Their suffering grew into determination and ambition for something better and something new.
The world had changed and so had humanity's understanding of itself.
It seems to me that the modern painter cannot express this age the airplane, the atom bomb, the radio in the old forms of the Renaissance or of any other past culture.
Each age finds its own techniques.
Art needed new forms, new voices and new ways of seeing to reflect that transformation.
This search for a new technique, a new language of art gave rise to what we now call abstract expressionism.
But to understand how radical it was, we need to take a step back.
In the 19th century, artists used powerful symbols storms shipwrecks, ruined castles to express emotion.
As photography was used more and more widely to depict the world as it looked outwardly, artists took to expressing their inward responses to the world.
In the early 20th century, the surrealist took things a step further, using dream imagery and automatism to connect with the unconscious mind.
Abstract Expressionism took this trajectory to its logical extreme.
It completely removed recognizable objects.
The goal wasn't to show how an object or place feels, it was to depict feeling itself.
At the time, it was seen as an attack on painting, a deliberate deconstruction of Western artistic traditions.
The problem is, we want things to make sense.
We want lines to go somewhere.
We want recognisable iconography.
And we want art to say something.
Abstract art fights against all that, making life just a little more difficult.
And what's wrong with that?
These paintings, more than any other, need you to stand in front of them, to be surrounded by their presence, their energy and their scale, rather than look through an electronic device.
In real life.
We can clearly see the gestures in the application, trace the rhythm of movements across the canvas, even feel what it was that inspired the artist.
And in that sense, the artist is present with us in the room.
A Pollock painting isn't a picture of chaos.
It's a depiction of a feeling.
This can be hard to grasp.
Abstract painting often meets resistance.
It's too open, too ambiguous.
But we can use a musical analogy.
Think of a piece of instrumental music.
It doesn't tell a story with words or pictures.
It's just sound, pure abstraction.
Technically, it's just vibrations of air, mathematics made audible.
Yet somehow it stirs memories, moves us to tears, makes us want to dance, or reminds us of love.
A minor chord can feel sad.
A major chord, uplifting.
A major seventh makes us feel anticipation.
Abstract Expressionism, like music, speaks in a language beyond words.
The choice of colour, the nature of a mark, the layering of paint, all these things combine to evoke feelings.
It's visual music.
That's what makes these artists so exciting.
They were attempting to do something nobody had done before, paint emotion itself.
If we take the music analogy further, we can look at how Pollock worked.
He was a huge jazz fan, and we could say that he painted in the same way a jazz musician improvises.
Spontaneous, physical and intuitive.
Like a John Coltrane solo, his paintings are full of rhythm, energy and feeling.
We may not be able to explain why these sounds or shapes affect us.
We simply feel it.
And there's something even more ancient in his approach.
Think of the stenciled handprints on cave walls.
Those early human marks made by blowing pigment through a hollowed-out bone and flicking paint around a hand pressed to stone.
They're not portraits or stories, just raw presence, a declaration, I was here.
Pollock splatters echo that same impulse, direct, physical, urgent.
We may not always understand those gestures but, like music or the first marks in a cave, we feel their impact in our bodies.
Before we interpret, we experience.
I was born in Cody, Wyoming, 39 years ago.
Paul Jackson Pollock was born in 1912 in the American West, the youngest of five brothers, in a family that moved often and struggled financially.
As the baby of the family, he was pampered and indulged by his mother.
But his early life was also marked by instability and the frequent absence of his alcoholic father.
His mother was a strong and ambitious woman, full of ideas and big plans, and she encouraged her boys to have an interest in art.
Three of them did indeed go on to become full-time artists.
Jackson was a rebellious child with a tendency to resist authority, and he was expelled from more than one school.
His father, who he idolized, was a man with strict views about masculinity and a strong work ethic.
It was his father who introduced Jackson to alcohol very early on, and so by the time he was 15, he was already drinking heavily.
Jackson's struggles with alcoholism intensified in the 1930s and continued throughout most of his adult life.
It would eventually lead to his early death.
His father left for good while he was still a teenager, and Jackson, often described as sensitive and intense, seems to have spent much of his life craving his absent father's approval and trying to live up to an ideal that was always just out of reach.
Even from a young age, Pollock had struggled to express his feelings.
He was described by his classmates as strange and inarticulate, and he began to exhibit signs of depression and volatility in his teens.
Growing up in the rural American West, a landscape still shaped by the frontier myth, Pollock came to be seen as a tough, raw and unrefined American figure, a cowboy painter.
Part truth and part invention.
It was a myth that he encouraged, as it fed into larger narratives about American identity and masculinity in the post-war era.
Far from being a cowboy or a country hick Pollock was, in fact deeply immersed in art, history and theory.
Curious about ideas, he had an extensive arts education.
In 1928, aged 16 Pollock, now living with his mother in Los Angeles, began to study painting at the Manual Arts High School.
Then, in the fall of 1930, Pollock followed his brother Charles to New York City, where he enrolled in the Art Students League under his brother's teacher, the regionalist painter Thomas Hart Benton.
It was a difficult time for the young artist, unsure of his path and his identity, perhaps reflected in this early self-portrait.
Around this time, Pollock began engaging more deeply with Native American art, particularly the sand painting rituals of the Navajo.
He was fascinated by the way materials were shaped on the ground and the physicality of making art using rhythm and gesture.
These experiences offered early glimpses of the energetic, physical relationship with materials that would later define his work.
His teacher Benton, was best known to the public as the leader of the regionalist movement in American art, which opposed European modernism and focused on scenes of the American heartland.
Not someone who at first you would see as an influence on Pollock, and yet he had a profound and lasting effect on his young student, both technically and psychologically, even though Pollock would later move far beyond Benton's style.
We can clearly see Benton's influence in Pollock's 1934 painting Going West.
Benton emphasized rhythmic sweeping lines and structured composition, and these were skills Pollock carried into his later abstract work.
Benton was a muralist making public artworks, and this large-scale approach helped prepare Pollock for working on massive canvases of his own like Mural, his first major commission.
When asked about Benton's influence on his work, Pollock dismissed it as something against which to react.
But there is a clear connection in the rhythm and flow, the vigorous lines and vibrant colours of their paintings.
And even at the height of Pollock's drip painting era, you can still see traces of Benton's structural influence.
In 1940 the Museum of Modern Art in New York had a major Picasso exhibition, giving Pollock the opportunity to really study the man who, like most young artists at the time, he idolized, but who he eventually came to resent.
Pollock's early work clearly shows the influence of Picasso in his use of geometric structures, fragmented figures and a focus on the human form.
But something rarely discussed in the Pollock-Picasso debate is the influence overall of analytic cubism on him and in particular the interlacing linework and sense of perpetual motion we find in works like this which, like Pollock's later works, have a more free-form approach and are liberated from a rectilinear grid.
He and other artists in New York would however, begin to break away from the dominance of European influences and look closer to home.
In 1936, Pollock had participated in a workshop run by Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros, whose influence was less stylistic than it was technical.
Siqueiros encouraged the participants to experiment with industrial paint and lacquers, adding sand, dust and other materials, even suggesting that they sprayed, poured and dripped paint onto canvases.
Another great Mexican muralist Pollock admired was José Clemente Orozco, whose large, raw and fearless murals are intensely emotional, often filled with violence, human struggle and existential themes.
Orozco gave Pollock permission to be intense, to explore psychological and mythological depth and to use gesture and scale in bold and powerful ways.
Possibly, we can look to Orozco as the dominant aesthetic influence in this period.
But it was above all the scale and the sense of immersion that Pollock picked up from the Mexican muralists how we as viewers physically engage with large images.
What is important here is that all of these influences marked a shift away from oceanic or African art that had fascinated the previous generation of artists to art that was closer to home, to Native American sand painting and Mexican muralists, to regionalist works and towards an American identity.
The Works Progress Administration was launched late in 1935 as the key agency in the federal work program to employ able people from relief roles.
Sensitive fingers of artists are poorly suited to manual labor.
And in finding suitable work for musicians and other artists, the WPA has contributed greatly to the culture of America.
Some of this work is done on canvas, but much of it is created on the walls of our schools, libraries and other public buildings in the form of mural paintings.
From 1935 to 1942, Pollock was employed by the Works Progress Administration, or the WPA, to create paintings, murals and sculptures for public buildings, giving him a modest but steady income.
The WPA was a government program created in 1935 as part of President Franklin D Roosevelt's New Deal, with a goal to provide jobs and economic relief during the Great Depression by funding public works projects.
It became a launchpad for a generation of American artists like Philip Guston, Ashild Gorky and Mark Rothko, many of whom shaped modern art in the decades that followed, and it supported a diverse range of voices across styles, races and regions, at a time when few other institutions did.
But despite the structure of the WPA work, Pollock's drinking worsened and his bouts of depression deepened.
He was fired more than once from projects, and his reckless behaviour was causing problems for everyone around him.
The type of dreams as we have, And this experience, and others, led me then to the hypothesis that there is an impersonal stratum in our psyche.
While all these influences are important in the story of Jackson Pollock, the theories of Carl Gustav Jung need to take credit as a motivating force within his development.
In 1939, during treatment for acute alcoholism, he began undergoing Jungian psychotherapy with Dr Joseph Henderson, during which he produced 69 drawings, now known as the psychoanalytic drawings.
The sessions with Henderson had a powerful effect, giving him another kind of vocabulary, one he could use in his paintings, in expressing inner emotional or spiritual states through abstraction.
Sigmund Freud had a profound impact on the surrealist art movement, but almost all the abstract expressionist artists were devotees of Jung, a student of Freud, who broke away by proposing a broader view of the unconscious that included a collective unconscious, a shared reservoir of archetypes and myths common to all humanity that appear in folklore dreams, art and religion across all cultures.
Jung saw the artist as someone who brings unconscious material into consciousness for the collective.
Pollock, often described as a modern shaman, channeled deep collective energies through his body and movements, tapping into a shared human ancestry.
His iconic drip technique served as a physical manifestation of this process, allowing instinct and gestures to guide the creation of art, rather than deliberate design.
The collective unconscious made visual.
Jungian therapy gave Pollock a language and method for integrating his inner turmoil into his creative process.
But it didn't teach him how to truly care about the women who angered his life throughout his chaos.
Re-examining these relationships deconstructs the heroic male narrative and offers a richer, more accurate view of how art movements evolve.
In 1942 he was still an up-and-coming artist who was sadly becoming known in New York as a volatile, abusive drunk.
When into his chaotic life came the person who, more than any other, made Jackson Pollock the icon that he is.
Lee Krasner was already an established artist on the New York scene when, in late 1941, she noticed a name on a gallery list that she didn't recognise.
Well, I had never heard the name Pollock, and the fact that he was in the area painting abstractly was more than I could take.
So I made inquiries, got his address, went up and introduced myself and saw his work.
They quickly became a couple, and within a few months they were living together.
Krasner introduced Pollock to art theory and to the New York avant-garde, helping him connect with influential figures in the art world.
It wasn't an easy partnership.
Pollock was a difficult man.
Over time, Krasner reduced her own artistic ambitions to prop up Pollock's career.
She believed he had something extraordinary, that he would be an important part of art history, and so made a decision to put his work first.
And anyway, managing the fallout from his reckless conduct and heavy drinking became a full-time job.
It was Krasner who arranged for a meeting with the important and influential art collector Peggy Guggenheim at their apartment.
And despite Jackson nearly not making it, after passing out drunk earlier in the day, Krasner dragged him back to meet Guggenheim.
Her persistent paid off and in 1943 Jackson Pollock became the first modern American artist to get a solo show at Guggenheim's prestigious gallery Art of This Century.
That same year, Guggenheim commissioned him to paint a huge mural for the entryway of her New York apartment.
This was to be a turning point, both for him and in terms of art history.
The romantic legend says that initially Pollock was paralysed with fear of the enormous blank canvas, but then suddenly painted the whole thing in a single night.
This is not true, as restorers discovered layers of work that proved Pollock worked on the piece for weeks or even months.
Another legend is that when he delivered it, it was too big for Guggenheim's hallway, and Marcel Duchamp cut it down to fit.
Also not true.
Whatever the truth is, Pollock took every influence on him up until this point and really poured himself into this painting.
It is a stupendous unending, vast mass of color shapes and abstract patterns that pull you right into the canvas.
It's a triumph.
A few years later, Pollock told a friend that when he was painting the mural, he was inspired by the movement of stampeding horses, possibly a memory from his childhood in the American West, and we can definitely make out some horse-like figures throughout the painting.
Pollock also visited an exhibition of action photography that same year in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, which has also been cited as a possible reference for the mural.
There certainly is a resemblance to the time-lapse photographs of that exhibition, and both his work in this period and the act of painting itself was deeply tied to motion, rhythm and gesture, all concepts shared with photography and film.
Mural was energetic and experimental, but still semi-figurative.
That was about to change.
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