Understanding the human body is a team effort.
That's where the Yakult group comes in.
Researchers at Yakult have been delving into the secrets of probiotics for 90 years.
Yakult also partners with Nature Portfolio to advance gut microbiome science through the Global Grants for Gut Health, an investigator-led research program.
To learn more about Yakult, visit yakult.co.jp.
That's Y-A-K-U-L-T dot C-O dot J-P.
When it comes to a guide for your gut, Count on Yakult.
Hey, Science Quickly listeners, Rachel here.
I just wanted to give you a heads up that I'll be taking a short break from hosting the pod to go on parental leave.
But don't worry, I'm leaving you in excellent hands.
Award-winning journalist Kendra Pierre-Lewis is stepping in to host Science Quickly while I'm gone.
You might recognize her from the late Gimlet Media podcast How to Save a Planet or from her work at Bloomberg, The New York Times, Popular Science and lots of other outlets.
She's taking the helm starting in November and I'll be coming back into your feed sometime in the spring of 2026.
So see you next year.
And as always, thanks for listening.
For Scientific American Science.
Quickly, I'm Kendra Pierre-Lewis in for Rachel Feltman.
Listeners, normally we would do our Monday news roundup, but today we have something special for you.
How do you send a digital message from the past well into the future, a message that arrives not just a year from now, but three years or 20?
It's a question David Ewald, Scientific American's editor-in-chief, was tasked with tackling long ago, where he was forced to look at memory, human connection and technology in a way that asked deeper questions about how we preserve information in the digital age and what it means to come into contact with our past selves.
Hi, David.
Hi, it's nice to join you.
Can you tell us, David, a little bit about that 20-year project chronicled for SIAM?
Yeah, this is a project I started when I was working for a totally different place and got assigned the idea of how can we build a digital time capsule, not something that goes in the ground, but something that is saved in digital format.
And we came up with the idea of building an email time capsule.
And For my entire career, it's always been kind of something running in the background.
And now I'm excited that, as editor-in-chief of Scientific American, I get to explore this idea in more detail.
I've got a piece about sort of this journey.
And we've also built up a handful of other stories and have these amazing writers focus on the idea of sending information across time.
Can you take me back to when this all started?
Yeah, well, 20 years ago, I was a cub reporter.
I was just sort of starting out in journalism at a different outlet.
I was a technology reporter at Forbescom and we got assigned the idea to make a digital time capsule.
So we decided to make it interactive for our audience.
We came up with this idea for an email time capsule, and what we did was we built a website that our users could come to and they could write an email to themselves and then click a button that to say oh, I'd like to receive this in one year, three years, five years, 10 years or 20 years.
And we promised, oh, we'll take all these emails and we'll save them away somewhere safe.
And when the time period comes up, you'll magically get an email back from yourself in the future.
And we're at the 20-year mark, right?
Yeah, we're at the 20-year mark.
It actually made it this far, much to my surprise and many of the people involved.
It didn't pan out exactly the way we thought it was, but it worked.
It's exciting.
With a normal time capsule.
The biggest issue is weather and the climate and whether the box that you put the stuff in will survive the duration of it being buried.
But how do you build a digital time capsule and what are some of the constraints that you ran into?
Well, the first problem if we're going to take all these emails and save them in the digital file.
How do we know that there's somebody somewhere who is going to remember or be able to send this back as an email in one year, much less 20 years?
So we devised this system where the idea was there's several programs.
There's three little servers living in different places on the internet, and each of them has a copy of the emails.
And every couple of months, Each server pings the other two and says, hey, are you there?
And they say, yes, I'm still here.
And then when the year is up, the first machine sends out the emails.
If the first machine has gone down, the second machine hasn't received its ping from that one.
So the second machine knows, OK, it's my turn.
I'm going to send out the email, and so on.
So we thought this was a good solution, that it could sit on these servers and we have some redundancy and we know, unless all three servers go down over the next couple of years, we're in good shape.
But then the problem becomes like, what, do we just put this on three computers at Forbes?
What happens if Forbes disappears?
So we approached three very different entities thinking like oh, we'll run the program in these different places.
One of them would run at Forbes, which at the time was a 90-year-old print magazine.
But also like 2005, everyone was like, print is dying.
It's going away.
It's never going to come back.
Had one there at Forbes.
We partnered up with Yahoo.com, especially in 2005.
It was a giant company, really huge, multibillion-dollar, multinational, extremely powerful company.
And we got a deal with them, like, oh, they're going to have the server on their machine somewhere.
And then we also picked a small, one-person computer consultancy.
Actually a friend of mine who I knew from college, Garrison Hoffman, With the idea being like this is a very different kind of entity.
This is something entrepreneurial.
This is a single person.
So we were hedging our bets there.
We've got media.
We've got the single person.
We've got the giant internet company.
And we figured between the three of those, we'd have it covered.
These systems would live forever.
But what happened?
So what actually happened was we got about eight, nine months into that first year after we'd collected the emails.
And Yahoo had layoffs.
They lost literally everybody who had ever heard of the email time capsule project.
So as we approached that first date, I communicated with Garrison at Codefix.
And we're just like, we'll send the emails out manually this time.
So we sent them out, and it was great.
We got a lot of positive reception from people who are really excited to get these emails.
But we knew that we had 19 more years of this to go.
And we kind of waffled back and forth and like, well, how should we rebuild this?
Should we find a different partner?
And then because, like we all had other jobs and other things to do, it just sort of fell into the background until well, now it's three years in and I got an email from Garrison saying you know, we got to do this again in a month and there was no time to rebuild the system.
So we just manually sent the emails out again.
We did that at each interim.
How many emails are we talking?
So we collected about 200,000 emails at the beginning.
Most of them were set for either send back to me a year from now or send to me 20 years from now.
They're going out each time and we're doing it manually.
By the time of the 10th anniversary, I'm not working for Forbes anymore.
I'm a freelancer now.
But thankfully, I'm still in contact with Garrison.
And I think he was the one who remembered again and emailed me and said hey, 10th anniversary is coming up.
So I was able to reach out to my editor at Forbes, who was still there, and Again we did the same thing, just did it all manually.
Was it you just like hitting the send button 100,000 times?
I mean, there's a legitimate way to do it, right?
Like that would have worked to just have it be manpower.
Thankfully, we built like a little program that just sent out the emails.
If the technologist was not still involved at that point, that's probably what it would have been.
It's just like me in a Gmail account for like three weeks just sending these emails.
But thankfully, Garrison was able to build a little program to do it for us.
But then we ran into another wrinkle.
Between the 10th and 20th anniversary, a lot of things continued to change at this point.
I'm not working at Forbes anymore, obviously, but also Garrison Hoffman from Codefix.
Garrison died unexpectedly.
Oh, no.
I'm really sorry.
Yeah.
It was sad, but it was a really remarkable moment because before he had died he had documented all of his work.
He had saved all the files.
He had put it all in an archive.
And at some point...
During the previous years, he literally sent me an email and said hey, I've archived all this on this server.
Here's the link.
Just in case something ever happens to me, here's the data.
And so, even though he passed away, when it started to come up closer to the 20th anniversary and I realized that was happening, he had preserved the project even though he was no longer here.
I was able to grab that data and move forward because we actually had the results of that work.
So ultimately it was like you kept this very digital project, but it was humans that kind of kept it afloat.
Yeah, it's funny because we did think initially this was going to be a technological solution.
We had this very convoluted system of pings and we thought it was going to live on the Internet.
I think what really made it happen is the social connections.
Is that Gary and I, we were friends from college.
So we still stayed in touch even beyond this program.
Every now and then we'd meet up, have a lunch or something like that.
And I still remain friends with my editor at Forbes.
So even when I didn't work there, I was able to reach out and say hey, just so you know, this is happening again.
Gary's going to send out the emails.
So the network that worked wasn't the internet.
It was the social network.
It was the dynamics between friends and that we not only cared about this project, but that we cared about the thing that we had built, because it was friends working on it together.
And that was key to the whole thing, I think.
I don't know if it would have worked if it had been three strangers.
We might still have cared about the thing.
But at some point, even with that, if you care about a project but it's not your job, you don't care about these other people.
I imagine it probably would have fallen apart.
It's kind of remarkable because like, the inception of this project was about human connection and fundamentally what you found was, in order to keep this sort of very modern connection alive, you needed kind of a very old school form of human connection.
I also think of it as like, well, how do we have the stories that have been passed down?
I mean, that's communicating through time.
How do we still have the epic of Gilgamesh?
It's because they were passed from person to person, and not even that they were passed as like oh, it's my job, but passed by friends and family that it's all about people sitting down after dinner or around a fire or something.
And let me tell you the story of this great hero.
That's how so much of this information is maintained over the centuries, over the millennia, is these connections of friendship and family?
That's what seems to work better than anything else.
So I actually have my own mini time capsule story.
When I went to grad school, they made all of us fill out these letters to ourselves and then seal them in an envelope.
And then they gave them back to us kind of at the end of the program.
It was kind of amazing and interesting to see how much I'd grown in those six months in a way that I don't think I would have recognized had I not read this letter from my past self.
My understanding is you got an email from your past self 20 years later.
And kind of what was that experience like?
So my email I sent to myself literally said, boy, I hope this works.
It also said like if this works, you need to buy a bottle of champagne and share it with michael knorr and garrison hoffman, my editor, forbes and gary, and so it was very sort of mundane in that concept, but it was also.
My profoundness again came from the social connections and i was like wow, like i literally told myself to go and toast with my friend gary, who's no longer here.
So that was meaningful.
But it also gave me a feeling of achievement, because that's what was on my mind at the time was hey, i'm a young reporter, i've been given this opportunity to do something cool.
I wonder if this works.
And so it made me feel good, like, wow, we actually pulled that off.
That 20-something-year-old knew what he was doing, or at least knew enough to not completely screw it up.
What do you think are kind of the benefits of these kinds of time capsule projects?
I think time capsules aren't preserving information most of the time that is critical to us.
It's not about oh, here's this equation, or here's where the buried treasure is, or here's how to desalinate water, in case we forget in the future.
I think, most of the time, the real value of them is it gives us a chance to reflect on ourselves, on our society.
It's anthropology as opposed to technology.
Like the real benefit of it is that it teaches about who we were in the past, how we've changed.
And especially in the modern day, we don't have a lot of chances to do that sort of self-reflection.
And I think it's really useful in that context.
It also does open up a lot of opportunities to discuss more serious aspects of this, which is well.
How do we preserve information that is critically important so that we can keep people safe in the future?
So there are elements of this that are a lot more important and even critically lifesaving.
But I think the real heart of it is it's about people learning about their past selves.
And that tells you something about your future.
That sounds incredible.
Thank you so much for your time.
Thank you.
It's always a pleasure.
You can read David's piece and the full package now on ScientificAmerican.com.
And don't forget to tune in on Wednesday, when we learn how to indulge on Thanksgiving while preserving our gut health.
Science Quickly is produced by me, Kendra Pierre-Lewis, along with Fonda Mwangi and Jeff DelVisio.
This episode was edited by Alex Sugiera.
Shana Poses and Aaron Shattuck fact-check our show.
Our theme music was composed by Dominic Smith.
Subscribe to Scientific American for more up-to-date and in-depth science news.
For Scientific American, this is Kendra Pierre-Lewis.
