This is Planet Money from NPR.
There's this player in the WNBA, her name is Alicia Clark, who has kind of a reputation.
I think my teammates would describe me as a tough, gritty, winning, like a winner.
Can you go into winner a little bit?
Like, what does that mean?
I'm going to be in the right position at the right time.
I'm going to be prepared.
Yeah, I just want to win at all costs and whatever that looks like.
Whatever I need to do is what I'll do.
So and I have a track record of winning.
Yeah, she's understating it a little bit.
Actually, when we were talking to her, the only time she seemed kind of bored was when she was listing her accomplishments.
Going back to high school, like I won a state championship.
She went on to win championships in college and in overseas leagues.
Then in the WNBA, winning three championships with three of the, how many teams have I played for?
So just to be clear, we're talking to a three-time WNBA champion.
Yes.
Awesome.
But recently she took part in a competition that had higher stakes than any game she's ever played.
Alicia knows long grueling workouts.
She's learned dozens of defensive schemes and offensive plays.
She's used to practicing, preparing, strategizing.
But this was a totally different kind of endurance challenge.
Because instead of running drills, she was studying contracts and labor law.
You know, taking the time to sit down and go through this 300-page document and read.
And if it was something I didn't understand, I Googled it.
And I'm like, okay, what does X, Y, and Z mean?
Oh, okay, got it.
And so then I would go back and reread a section.
And then if there were questions...
Hey, I saw this.
What exactly does this mean?
She was doing all of this studying because, for the first time in her life, she was going to be negotiating the contract for all the players in the WNBA.
And look, it's normal for players to be involved in collective bargaining.
When union workers sign a new contract with their employers, some of the actual workers have to be part of the negotiations.
So Alicia was going to be one of the players negotiating over things like parental leave, 401k matching housing, stipends and, most importantly, pay.
What was not normal was how potentially historic this new contract could be.
The WNBA has seen astronomical growth since the players got their last contract six years ago.
And the players were saying...
Wait a minute.
This is our moment.
We want our fair share.
Our share should grow as the business grows because we're the reason the business is growing.
All Alicia and the other negotiators had to do was get the league to agree.
Hello and welcome to Planet Money.
I'm Erica Barris.
And I'm Emma Peasley.
Alicia Clark and the other players had a once in a generation opportunity to change the future for all of women's basketball and maybe all of women's sports.
And it came right down to the buzzer.
Today on the show we go courtside to one of the most important union negotiations in professional sports history and learn.
What it's like to be a rookie doing high stakes bargaining from bluffs and puffs to strategic silence and something called BATNA.
And the ringer?
Economics.
Swish.
On the court, Alicia Clark is a forward for the Dallas Winks.
But over her time with the WNBA, she has been in pretty much every position.
Being cut from her team twice, being a bench player, getting the minimum WNBA salary.
Being the like middleman in terms of I'm not the superstar, but I'm not a rookie.
Then being a starter, winning all those championships.
She says that's why she stepped up a couple years ago to help negotiate this contract.
I just knew that my lived experience would be so crucial and beneficial to this negotiation.
Alicia is the oldest player in the league, 38.
And when she first started thinking about these contract negotiations two years ago...
She knew what she did not want, the kind of contract she had back when she was a rookie.
What was your salary?
My salary?
Oh, I think I wrote it down.
Let me check.
Hold on.
You're pulling out like a red diary notebook.
Yeah, i am, i am.
Yes, alicia clark starts flipping through a real old school diary.
During the contract negotiations she was making entries multiple times a day in her careful cursive writing.
This is, this was my handy dandy notebook.
Do you normally keep like a diary or a No, I am like a diary, like journal person, just because I like to remember stuff.
And I have so many thoughts.
She finds the page she was looking for.
So my first contract, I think was $36,400.
That was during her first WNBA season in 2012.
I looked at it.
I was like, okay, I'm making $36,400 for five months.
Like, That's decent.
And I'm like, I'm not going to look at the rest of the months of the year.
We'll figure that out later.
But for these five months I was just like this is what professional athletes are making, or at least the women professional athletes.
Nothing they had was like what the men had.
Our practice court was a church gym.
Alicia says they flew economy in middle seats.
If you were a rookie, didn't matter how tall you were.
And when they traveled, most players had roommates.
Adults, professional athletes, sharing a hotel room.
Did you say anything about it?
Like, I know you were like, well, this is good.
But were you, did it occur to you to be like, wait, should I get more?
Oh no, there was no thought or even opportunity to get more.
That's just what you got.
At the time, the WNBA was not turning a profit, which is typical for a new league.
Many professional sports leagues don't make money for a while.
Alicia says when the WNBA players asked for more money, they were always told the same thing.
No one comes to the games.
The revenue just isn't there.
In the beginning, the NBA owned the WNBA.
They're still majority owners.
And in their 2002 negotiations, the NBA commissioner threatened to cancel the upcoming season if they couldn't reach an agreement.
But over Alicia's career, women's basketball has changed a lot.
It started slow.
More people going to games, more television stations showing them.
During the height of the pandemic, they were one of the only sports on television.
And ever since, women's basketball has gone bonkers.
Remember when Kaitlyn Clark broke the NCAA all-time scoring record?
Here comes Clark.
How will she go for history?
She got so popular, she was invited on Saturday Night Live.
Here to comment is Kaitlyn Clark.
Thanks for having me.
When Angel Reese's first preseason game with the Chicago Sky wasn't televised, a fan streamed the game from their phone and it got 500000 views.
And off the court, Angel is a regular at the Met Gala.
So now money is coming in from skyrocketing ticket prices and advertising revenue.
The league is projected to get $3.1 billion over the next 11 years from a new media rights deal.
And the players have gotten better deals as things have changed.
They got rid of the roommates.
Recently, they've been flying charter.
They got parental leave and they got somewhat higher salaries.
Last year, the minimum salary, like for a rookie, was around sixty six thousand dollars.
And for the first time, the players did get a bonus, because the WNBA made enough money to trigger it.
But going into contract negotiations this year with the WNBA pie growing exponentially.
Alicia was on a mission.
Can you tell us a little bit about what was on your wish list?
Yeah.
I mean, everything.
We were like, where do we start?
Literally everything needed to be thrown out and started over again.
No, literally.
That's literally what we said.
We were like, this all needs to be scrapped and we need to like redo this entire CBA process.
The entire collective bargaining agreement.
And if you're going to ask for more of everything Alicia learned, you have to be able to explain why.
When an organization is making a profit, there are no rules that say management has to take this much and labor gets this much.
You make it up.
And when you're getting ready to negotiate, one thing you look for are comps in your industry.
Like other plumbers or teachers or whatever make this much money, so we should make that much.
But there was no comparable professional women's basketball league in the country.
And just asking for the same as what the men make.
The average men's salary is around 10 million.
Just wasn't going to work.
Because, despite all the growth of the WNBA, it still doesn't bring in nearly the kind of money the NBA does.
The new pie is not that big.
So it was going to take some complicated math to figure out a fair comparison.
And that was a first big challenge for the players as they prepped to start bargaining with the league.
Mind you.
Claudia Golden is on our side.
You heard that right, Planet Money fam.
The Claudia Golden, the Nobel Prize winning economic historian and labor economist.
2023 Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Claudia Golden.
The price motivation reads for having advanced our understanding of women's labor market outcomes.
When the WNBA players asked Claudia, after she won the Nobel, to help them negotiate their pay, she said OK, but for no pay.
So she was one of the people advising the player side.
Did you get to meet her?
Via Zoom.
Via Zoom?
What was that like?
Can you describe it?
What did she tell you?
I mean, just basically like what you guys are fighting for is more than fair.
And she was like, honestly, it's embarrassing what they're paying you guys.
So just to know, like to have confidence that what you're fighting for is more than fair.
And they have it.
We exchanged emails with Claudia.
She didn't want to come on because she wanted the focus to be on the players.
And she said the math she was doing for them was not actually complicated.
It was simple.
It's all laid out in an op-ed she wrote last year for the New York Times.
Claudia wanted to find what a reasonable gap between the NBA and WNBA salaries would be by comparing their revenue.
So she looked at what the W and the NBA each bring in from advertising, streaming and game attendance.
She accounted for the fact that the NBA season has more games, the games themselves are longer and there are fewer WNBA teams.
Then she crunched all those numbers and estimated that the average WNBA salary should be about a quarter to a third of the average NBA salary.
In reality, Claudia calculated it was more like one 80th.
And part of the reason that gap existed is because of the WNBA's previous collective bargaining agreement.
The players' salaries were not tied to revenue.
They grew at a fixed rate that did not account for the incredible growth of the league.
So that is the pot of money that Alicia and her negotiating team decided to zero in on, revenue.
They wanted what's called revenue share, which Alicia says she didn't really understand in her rookie years.
Like you know what revenue is and you know like obviously, revenue shares.
Like okay, you're sharing in the money that's coming in.
But, like, what does that actually look like in the terms that they have?
The players did have an opportunity for some rev share from an earlier contract.
That's how they got those bonuses last year.
But the way the agreement worked, their salaries and their share of the revenue didn't grow at the same pace as the WNBA's overall revenue.
If the business grew, our share stayed the same.
So they sent their first proposal to the league in February of 2025.
And what they asked for was 40 percent of revenue to split between players.
We know now they were willing to settle for less.
But negotiators usually start out with something called an anchor number to influence the direction of negotiations.
By the way, NBA players get about 50% of rev share using a different system.
In response to the WNBA players' proposals, the league did eventually offer some big jumps in salaries.
At one point they said they'd increase the max salary from about 250K to more than 1 million, but they were still insisting on a fixed rate system.
They were not budging on the players' rev share ask.
So they're going back and forth and Alicia and the other negotiators are following along, with help from you could say, the Claudia Golden team, the math team,
I'm a visual person, so I needed to see.
Like, you can tell me something, but I'm like, let me just see it.
And so they created like pie charts for us.
Like, hey.
I love pie charts.
You know, it's amazing.
And so it's like, hey, here is what happened, right?
Like, here's the revenue.
Here's their estimated what they're saying.
What they're offering you is this piece.
Okay.
But they told the players, now watch the pie as the years go by.
Look at the revenue the league is projecting.
Here's what they're projecting the league to make over the next five years.
And here's what happens to your share that they're offering you over those five years.
And when you see it, you're like, what?
Why is that getting smaller?
Why isn't it getting bigger with the increased revenue?
And it's like, exactly.
So in our revenue model, here's what it would look like.
That was really eyeopening because, you know, they're like, oh, there's million dollar contracts.
There's this, there's average salary of this.
And the players just see the numbers and we're, everyone's just like, but look at the salaries.
And it's like, look at this pie chart.
Look at this chart.
Look at how this, look at the graph.
As the negotiations move forward, Alicia and the other players on the committee had to pay the closest attention to every detail.
This was a game they were only just learning to play.
And with any game, there are lots of techniques.
We've actually been looking at a list of quote hard bargaining techniques on a Harvard Law School post about negotiation tactics things negotiators might use in a situation like this.
Now a source with the league told us quote we did not rely on negotiating tactics or anything of that nature.
But.
We think that some of the experiences Alicia told us about sound a little like some of the tactics on the list.
They said they would lose hundreds of millions of dollars if they did it our way.
That was their whole spiel.
I mean, they said it in the media all the time.
We would lose hundreds of millions of dollars if we did it the way the players want to do it.
To us, that sounded a little like a technique the Harvard Law School calls bluffing and puffing.
Their post says these kinds of exaggerated claims and misrepresentations can throw negotiations off track.
And Alicia said it really helped to have their own math in their pocket, especially when they thought the league was seriously lowballing them.
What they offered in the beginning was embarrassing.
I was like, this is actually embarrassing.
And the fact that you put it in writing is even more embarrassing because I'm like we have this amazing staff of advisors that are giving us facts, not like feelings, and you know we're all in our feelings about stuff, etc.
But let me show you what is actually here.
That's where the confidence was gained.
Another negotiating strategy it seemed like the players might have encountered.
This one is on some other lists of labor.
Negotiating tactics is what you might call a strategic pause.
Like a pause in conversation, or in this case, a pause in the whole negotiation.
Yeah.
Alicia says, in December, 10 months into the negotiation, after the players sent a new proposal, the league went silent, waited more than six weeks to respond.
Our source on the lead side says this was not a negotiating tactic and that the union's prior proposal did not warrant a response.
Regardless.
Regardless.
After what seems like a dramatic pause, the league invited the players to come to their headquarters in New York.
This was now February.
And so we were like, OK, they're calling a meeting.
Like, surely they're going to come with something.
Right.
And they showed up with nothing.
Why call a meeting then?
That's what we were trying to figure out.
Like you had people dropping everything to come to New York to be here for this.
And you guys don't even show up with a proposal.
Next.
The league made a move that to us sounds kind of like what the Harvard Law School list calls threats and warnings.
After the six weeks of silence and the big nothing of a trip to New York, Alicia says the league gave the players a suddenly urgent deadline.
If you don't sign a contract by March 10th, the season will be in jeopardy.
They wasted six weeks and then all of a sudden created this false timeline that we all of a sudden all had to be had to jump on.
And it was like, OK, well, where was the sense of urgency when you wasted these six weeks?
For the record, our person on the league side says it was not a threat or warning either way.
By now, they were way behind schedule, and the start of the season was looming.
So in March, both sides agreed to get together in person in New York again.
Alicia packed a bag, thinking it's just for a few days.
You know, I was like, what can we get in this carry-on?
And in that carry-on was her trusty diary.
This meeting seemed for real because they had blocked off the entire third floor of the Langham Hotel on Fifth Avenue in New York.
There was a conference room with a big rectangular table.
And Alicia said the first meeting between the players and the league was very passionate.
Because at this point, we were so pissed off at how...
At how they were moving.
In her diary, she wrote down what she heard the league say after they all sat down.
This is from March 10th.
Okay.
Let me double check my, yeah.
It was like, we're putting forth a proposal now.
We'd like to walk out tonight and get a deal done on day one.
We were like, I'm sorry, what?
That didn't happen.
Instead, for days they went back and forth with proposals covering not just RevShare but all the other little details.
Like when the season should start.
How many training staff should there be?
Should the players be provided with cars?
Alicia and the other players on the exec committee quickly settled into a routine.
They did their workouts in the morning, and then in the afternoon, they negotiated.
And Alicia kept diary entries.
We met today at 1245 to go through the proposal the league sent after 5 a.m.
We went through rev share, housing.
They did make some progress right away, with the help of an aptly nicknamed player who was on the negotiation team.
Breezy was working on her charts with the numbers and salaries.
And, you know, that's why we called her Breezy Hidden Figures Turner.
I got real familiar with the charts.
That's Breonna Turner.
She's a forward for the Las Vegas Aces and the WNBA Players Association treasurer.
I was just all in the Excel and like the Google Sheets and have my notes and was just making lots of charts.
Breezy on the court, hidden figures in the negotiation room.
Because she'd take whatever proposal the league was offering and stick it in her spreadsheet and see what it really meant.
The chart I was making was just like looking at like a $5 million salary cap.
Like I think the league came back with like the maximum salary being like 20 of the cap and thinking like Okay, if two players have max salaries, that's 40 of the cap, right there.
Then you're leaving 60% of the cap for 10 people.
They're just like trying to figure out math.
We see you hidden figures.
Brianna also got into it with the league when they proposed cutting housing out of their package.
They were saying basically, you're making more money.
You can pay for your own housing.
But Brianna argued in the more transient and sometimes fickle world of professional sports that could leave players without a place to live.
So it's like, what happens?
You get cut or you get traded.
Then you're on the hook for rent in a city that you don't even live in anymore.
Like you're just expecting these landlords to be nice when like realistically, that's not the case.
Brianna says she addressed the full room.
What happens in LA in 22-8?
And they're like what do you mean?
And I was like the Olympics, like do you think Housing costs are going to rise that summer?
And they were just like, you can just tell they hadn't considered that before.
The days were marathons, ending at 1 or 2 a.m. for the players and 4 or 5 a.m. for the staff.
Every single night, I was just praying the security would kick us out.
I was like, please kick us out of this building.
Please get us out of here.
They weren't really bothered by the quick-moving parts of the negotiations.
They're used to a fast-paced competition.
It was the slow-moving parts that frustrated them the most, when they were benched but still in the game.
Like when just the lawyers were in the room talking without them.
What did you do when you waited?
I feel like I did everything and nothing, like...
I was just scrolling, watching stuff on my laptop, making my little charts, getting fresh air.
They played card games, went on walks.
Everyone had shows they were watching.
And sometimes they all watched things together, like the Oscars.
Alicia says they were watching when the first woman cinematographer won for Sinners.
We were all like, let's go, like, women are up, let's go, this is a sign, like, just, you know.
And then, like when Michael B Jordan won for Best Actor, like We were all in there, like hooting and hollering, like it was just so dope.
It was it was a good time.
Did anyone from the hotel come in and be like, why are you all screaming so loudly?
No.
So they like came running.
They're like, what?
Wait, what happened?
And we were like, oh, sinners just won an Oscar.
And they were like.
We thought maybe like you guys were cheering because a deal was being done.
And you're like, oh, we didn't think of how that might come off.
Yeah, no deal.
By day six, the hotel had given the players cozy blankets and pillows so they were comfortable.
But the negotiations were stalled. especially on the most important stuff, the money.
Alicia's journal entry.
I even jotted.
I was like there wasn't an no in-person convos for the group have happened since last week.
And it was like Us being there was the whole point, so we could sit in front of you and negotiate and talk about these things, but you're not even allowing us to do that.
Alicia says the players had lowered and lowered their rev share ask from 40 all the way down to 20, but they couldn't go any lower and still represent what the players said they wanted.
And I'm like, why do we keep allowing them to like blow through what we're asking?
Like we've asked for a response and they keep being like okay, maybe a little bit later, in a little bit, in a little bit.
And I'm like, at what point are we going to put our foot down?
That's when Alicia and her team of negotiators started really considering their own hard bargaining tactic.
Maybe the biggest, hardest, bargainiest tactic yet.
That's after the break.
Sitting at that big rectangular negotiating table in their Fifth Avenue hotel, Alicia Clark and Breonna Turner were thinking more and more about a hard bargaining tactic of last resort.
One they really didn't want to use, but they had also planned for.
See, a few months earlier, Alicia and Brianna and the whole negotiating team had gone to the other 150 plus players in the league and asked them basically hey, what do you want to do if they don't give us what we want?
They were basically asking the players for their version of what experienced negotiators call BATNA best alternative to a negotiated agreement.
Meaning, what will you do if you don't reach a deal?
And what the players said?
We walk.
They authorize the strike, if necessary.
And Alicia says this was a long time in the making.
Every meeting that we had as player leadership executive committee over the course of these last 18 months, it was save your money.
Tell your teammates to save their money.
Be sure you're saving your money.
Be sure you're saving your money.
We don't know what's going to come, but we want to be prepared.
And so jump forward to March, six days into their negotiations, they're sitting around the hotel lounge wrapped in blankets, waiting and waiting for a satisfying response to their proposal.
I think the morale was like, an effort type of feeling, to be honest.
Like you're either about to come to this table and negotiate, like you should have been, or we're walking.
Like, we're not going to continue wasting our time sitting here.
That's when Alicia and the players instructed their lawyer.
Tell them if they don't come back tonight, we're walking.
And that was like the first... real time that I was like, let's buckle up.
And this time, it was the players who gave the league a hardball deadline.
You have till 9.30 p.m.
And this is a huge deal.
It's a nuclear option.
The players are going to lose their salaries, potentially lose a whole season.
The league, for their part, is going to lose even more money if there's a strike, because there will not be games.
And if it goes on long enough, they could fully lose fans lose momentum.
That pie could start getting smaller instead of continuing to grow.
9.30 p.m. rolls around, still no deal.
But 20 minutes later, the league says, basically, hold tight.
They're formatting and printing something up.
At 10.55 p.m., they meet.
So I hate when like people walk into a room and don't speak.
So I said to them, good evening.
Alicia has notes in her journal.
He literally was like we're contemplating an agreement for the first time for the shared basketball revenue systems.
The rev share.
I put big effing deal about them wanting to move to our system.
Proud of this group.
For another 24 hours, they went back and forth on details.
And then on March 18th, Day 8, at 2 am, Alicia and Brianna and the rest of the players are scattered around the conference room lying in their blankets.
I open up my laptop to start watching my show.
Not even two minutes later, they come, everybody in the room.
Everyone gets to the meeting room now, and we're like, oh, that's for serious voice.
The league side starts talking.
You guys will have a $7 million cap starting in 2026.
Your shared basketball revenue will be 20%.
You know, it'll grow the 20% over the course every year.
Alicia and the other players are looking at each other.
We were just kind of like, so does that mean you guys are accepting it?
They're like, yes, we accept this deal.
We accept this agreement.
And we were like, okay, you can just say that.
Like, what?
They had secured their 20% revenue share.
Holy crap.
We really just got this done.
She recorded her final diary entry from the negotiations.
I literally put in like huge things across the bottom.
2.22 a.m.
We agreed.
Underline, exclamation point, and put a big heart.
Like that's what I put.
I'm out.
Peace.
Yeah.
Like we did it.
Alicia gives a weepy toast to both sides.
I'm going to get emotional because this deal is going to change the lives of so many players moving forward.
And everyone that spent time away from family and friends.
You're going to see the results of this for decades.
So congratulations on an amazing transformational deal.
Thank you for everybody's hard work.
And thank you for believing in this league and believing in us as athletes.
So cheers.
This agreement was a big deal.
At the draft.
A few weeks later, the WNBA commissioner called it the first comprehensive revenue share model in the history of women's professional sports.
And the rough share is just one of the big changes.
The players secured housing for everyone and even one-time payments to retired players, so they get a cut too.
And salaries overall are way higher.
The lowest paid player in 2026 will make more than the highest paid player in 2025.
So now the players' math, built on the math of a Nobel laureate, is embedded in the pages of every WNBA player's contract.
Alicia gets to keep her reputation as a winner.
And as for Brianna, also known as Hidden Figures?
Have you done anything for yourself to celebrate?
Like, I got myself a new financial advisor.
That's awesome.
This episode was produced by me, Emma Peasley, with help from Willow Rubin.
It was edited by Marianne McCune.
It was fact-checked by Vito Emanuel.
It was engineered by Jimmy Keeley and James Willis.
Alex Goldmark is our executive producer.
Special thanks to Aaron Drake, Dave Barry, and Nola Agha.
I'm Erica Barris.
And I'm Emma Peasley.
This is NPR.
Thanks for listening.
