NPR.
The splendid poison frog, the Yangtze River dolphin, the Maui Akepa songbird.
These are all animals that went extinct over the last couple of decades.
Those are sounds our grandchildren won't hear, and it could even mean that medicines never get discovered.
Yeah, Ozempic was developed after a chance discovery with venom from the Gila monster lizard, and that lizard is near threatened.
Hugh Possingham is a scientist at the University of Queensland in Australia and Hugh says these extinctions are largely due to human activity.
We are in a mass extinction and the rate at which species are going extinct is roughly 100 times the normal rate.
So if you're wondering how to help, what kind of donation or policy would have the most impact?
Hugh actually has an answer.
He has a way to maximize biodiversity.
This is The Indicator from Planet Money.
I'm Waylon Wong.
And I'm Darian Woods.
Today on the show, cost-effective conservation.
Hugh challenges ecologists to think more like economists.
And we meet some incredibly cute tortoise hatchlings on a tropical island.
Oh, I can't wait.
If you want to learn how to save species cheaply, Hugh Possingham's your guy.
My life is very complicated.
I'm on 31 boards and committees outside my day job.
I used to be the chief scientist at the Nature Conservancy in the US.
Hugh says his big aha moment came in the late 1990s when he was speaking with some officials from the Australian federal government.
And they were talking about spending money recovering species.
And, at that point in time, the primary strategy was to spend almost all your money on the species that were most critically endangered.
This was kind of an ambulance at the bottom of the cliff approach.
A lot of the money was also flowing to cute animals and that's pretty typical in conservation.
And I was sitting at the back of the room as an invited expert and I said some of these species are really expensive to save.
It's going to be hard to save them and maybe almost impossible to save.
So there's two other factors, other than how likely a species is to go extinct, that I think we should be thinking about.
One is cost and one is probability of success.
Cost and probability of success.
You'll notice cuteness not on the list.
Maybe we can add it on later.
This was a simple but radical way to think about conservation.
Basically Hugh was saying the government could rank what would save species most cheaply and redirect its money there kind of like the cost per pound labels you see in the supermarket.
In that meeting with the Australian officials, Hugh said that the current approach actually meant more extinctions.
Some of the things we're working on, some of these very expensive birds and mammals which are iconic.
We could use that money to save 50 species of threatened plant.
What do you want?
Do you want to save this one bird or mammal or do you want to save 50 species of plant which may not be currently as threatened but much cheaper to save?
Was that a sacrilegious kind of thing to say in the room?
It is pretty well.
And they said, you can't do that.
We can't allow species to go extinct.
And I said you are already because in fact, at the moment, for example, the federal government only funds 110 of the 2000 listed species.
So most countries... not spending money on the majority of their threatened species.
Darren, I just realized this is like the trolley problem, but for endangered species.
It is.
And while it's never been solved, today we're actually going to solve it for species.
Oh, I can't wait.
Watch out, animals and plants of the world.
Anyway, Hugh never convinced the Australian federal government of his quantitative approach to conservation.
Deciding what lives and dies is an intensely emotional subject.
But Hugh is a trailblazer in the world of quantitative ecology, and he's had wins elsewhere.
The New Zealand government, for example, picked up his framework.
Also, a bunch of non-profits and regular people trying to make a difference.
He says that in the supermarket of species, there is a real bargain.
Local plants. it might cost you $20,000 to save a threatened plant.
A small group of people can put up the fences to protect them from herbivores.
They can grow them without permits.
They can spread them around.
But if you're wanting to save animals and are thinking globally.
Hugh says a little math goes a long way.
He points towards some general principles.
First, go where the largest number of threatened species are, near the equator.
The tropics are more biodiverse.
Those parts of the tropics where we're losing species are also more important.
And once you get even more narrow, zooming in on tropical islands, you start to get a lot of endemic species.
That means species found nowhere else on the planet.
Indonesia has the most endemic bird species, for example, in the world.
Islands also mean that animals and birds have evolved for millions of years without predators found on the main continents, like cats or rats that eat bird eggs.
So the island species don't have the same defenses.
People arrive, they bring pigs, they bring rats.
A lot of the birds were flightless.
So literally 1,000 bird species have disappeared from islands.
And so that's why Hugh says if he were to invest a dollar of his own money...
He would look in Indonesia and Madagascar, tropical island nations.
They're losing species left, right, and center, and they are globally significant.
Globally significant because we might value different creatures differently.
You might want to save some animals more because they're more unusual or they might be more culturally significant.
Okay, so that's the framework.
Bang for buck, high in tropical areas, especially islands.
So now what do we do, Darian?
Right, so there are a lot of different ways to help.
You could capture some salamanders, say, and breed them in a zoo.
You could protect a coral reef.
You could patrol a forest to protect against poachers.
And...
Hughes says it does depend on the exact situation, but one technique he doesn't think is cost-effective is captive breeding programs.
One of your more expensive threatened species, the Californian condor...
They're amazing.
I mean, they're gigantic.
And they've saved them to a certain extent, but the cost was close to 100 million, probably over the last 30 or 40 years.
So they've been expensive, but it doesn't help many other things, captive breeding.
In contrast to the California condor breeding program.
Preserving land or ocean can have multiple benefits.
India is now claiming that their tiger numbers are increasing, but a lot of that is largely habitat protection.
And that habitat protection is saving a lot of other mammals and birds and amphibians and reptiles.
In other words, you're saving two birds with one stone when you protect jungles and grasslands.
Not just the target species, but all the other life in that habitat, too.
And for the islands, Hughes says there's another technique that gets you a good bang for your buck.
Removing those introduced predators.
In other words, poisoning, trapping or shooting pigs, rats, cats.
And to ensure the solution carries on into the future, Hugh says local community buy-in is critical.
So let's see this in action.
Darien, you promised us tortoises!
To the Galapagos!
There is a charity called Island Conservation.
It ticks basically all of Hugh's boxes.
It's focused, as the name suggests, on islands.
And the group is mainly in the tropics.
It focuses on habitats and predator removal.
Penny Becker, the group's CEO, says island conservation was particularly concerned about a tortoise in the Galapagos called the Pinzon tortoise.
The Pinzon tortoise was becoming an aging population where they have not been able to have little hatchlings actually successfully be able to grow up on the island because of invasive species for more than 150 years.
It was like a retirement village for tortoises.
Exactly.
Yes.
A social security crisis on the Galapagos.
After years of planning, island conservation lay poisonous rat bait all around the island.
Twice, actually, just to be sure.
And just immediately, within one to two years, you're seeing hatchlings that are successfully growing up on the island again.
Okay, Waylon, let's watch the video.
We have to do it.
Oh my gosh, I can't wait.
Okay.
It made this little sound and now it's like trying to crawl out of the hole.
That's Benny's colleague talking.
Oh, right.
And the colleague is saying, it's coming, it's coming.
I know that we're not supposed to be just focused on what's cute, but these are so cute.
These are both doing good and are cute.
This is like the best of all possible worlds.
If we are maximizing our adorableness per dollar, I think that is money well spent.
And if you want to see that video, it's on our Instagram, at Planet Money.
This episode was produced by Cooper Katz for Kim with engineering by Jimmy Keeley.
It was fact-checked by Sarah Juarez.
Alex Goldmark edited this episode and Kate Kincannon edits the show.
The Indicator is a production of NPR.
