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This is Planet Money from NPR.
There is a gigantic money pipe.
This unfathomably large hose through which hundreds of millions of dollars flow every single day.
At least that's how we think of it.
More officially at the Treasury, it's known as the secure payment system.
The federal government basically runs through that money pipe.
Almost 90 percent of all federal payments flow through it.
Payments to Medicaid and Veterans Affairs and Customs and Border Protection.
Payments to the Library of Congress, the SEC, the FCC, the FCIC.
That's the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation.
Congress allocates trillions of dollars to go to specific parts of the government.
And when those parts of the government need a chunk of their allowance, they request it and Treasury sends it through the old money pipe.
And then a few weeks ago, the pipe, what's the way to put this, got frozen, I guess, partially frozen.
The Trump administration ordered a pause, a freeze on a huge chunk of federal spending, on federal assistance, grants and loans and subsidies, that kind of thing, saying basically do not request your funds.
All of those need to be reviewed.
Then the courts blocked that freeze.
But then reportedly some parts of the government were still not getting their money.
Nobody seemed to know what was happening.
And there have been enormous consequences amid all this confusion.
Hundreds and hundreds of people lost their jobs.
Clinics and daycares across the country don't know if they will have money to operate.
Retirees fretted about getting their payments.
But the United States is a country of transparency.
And if you know where to look, there is a way to cut through all the confusion and peer deep into the giant money pipe for answers.
Hello and welcome to Planet Money.
I'm Erika Barris. And I'm Mary Childs.
Today on the show, we go where to look.
To that one place with the tiniest bit of information.
Of facts in this chaotic stretch of federal action and freezes and unfreezes.
We get a strikingly clear look inside the big money pipe through which most federal spending runs.
And at some of the people and the programs on the other end of that pipe.
Plus, a tool you can use right now if you want to follow along at home as this gigantic federal spending story continues developing and developing.
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When everybody was running around trying to figure out what was happening with federal government money, apparently folks at the Brookings Institution, well, they were kind of running around, too.
Did they stop certain things?
Did they restart things?
It just got very confusing and we didn't know what the answer was.
Lauren Bauer works for something called the Hamilton Project within Brookings.
They're a nonpartisan group.
They do policy research.
And, you know, pretty tough to do policy research when you have no idea what is happening with federal spending.
But Lauren remembered something.
Another chaotic moment when she'd also wanted to check government spending.
And so I had experience from COVID with something that's called the Daily Treasury Statement.
The Daily Treasury Statement, the DTS if you want to sound really cool, is just one of a gazillion documents put out by the federal government.
In terms of popularity, it gets Googled way less than the harmonized tariff schedule, but maybe slightly more than the short term cash investment report.
So, you know, not popular.
But what the Daily Treasury Statement does is show how much money flows through the giant government money pipe every single business day.
And Lauren thought the daily Treasury statement might be the key to everything, to understanding this present moment of spending freezes and unfreezes and confusion.
You can imagine when there's this empirical question, did the Trump administration stop the flow of funds that we had a resource here that nobody really knew about?
Can we can we look at the thing together and you like tell me about it?
Sure. Let me show you what the actual website is.
To be clear, the daily Treasury statement is not a secret document.
You don't need Treasury clearance.
You don't need to be a researcher requesting special access.
Real Treasury heads?
They'll probably know about this PDF.
But it is easily overlooked.
It's like the digital equivalent of a piece of paper under a giant stack of papers on your desk.
OK, great. So this is fiscaldata .treasury .gov.
Love it. Beautiful.
And this is a homepage for you, basically.
This is, like, a commonly visited site.
Yeah, it is. So what you see here, so if you click it, it opens.
Look, I've already done it once today.
You can get the daily treasury statement.
And that's it. You click it, download.
It's a PDF. It's, like, 80 kilobytes, not even close to a full megabyte.
There's a new one every business day at 4 p .m.
So we opened it up together, and there's a very fancy, official -looking treasury insignia at the top.
And it shows the cash balance of the U .S., like what is in the Treasury General account, which is like the U .S.'s bank account.
It basically looks like a balance sheet.
Classic layout, a two -column ledger.
And on the left -hand side is the deposits.
So, like, when you pay taxes into the Treasury, your taxes get totaled on that day into an incoming line item.
But what is important for this moment is the withdrawals.
And so it varies in level of detail.
But we have on the withdrawal side all of the outlays that Treasury is making to departments, to the other branches of government, to programs.
Imagine it like a daily Venmo feed for the government.
$191 million to NASA.
Rocket chip emoji. $249 million to the Department of Agriculture.
I don't know, cow, pig, corn, corn, corn.
Every dollar rounded to the millionth dollar that comes out of the government's checking account posted at 4 p .m.
in this Daily Treasury statement.
Now, it is not an accident that this document exists.
This beautiful, awkwardly hyperlinked Daily Treasury PDF.
The United States government is, of course, a prodigious generator of paperwork.
And decades ago, lawmakers realized they'd need to decide how to drag all of that paper into the modern digital era.
Rachel Snyderman is with the Bipartisan Policy Center, and she knows a bit about the U .S.
being a little extra in showing its paperwork.
The premise of this is that the United States is the largest supplier of open data.
Open data, information that's free, publicly accessible, and that people can download and use for their own purposes.
Rachel says the Treasury publishes its bank statement because the U .S.
has kind of staked this ground of being super transparent.
That goes back to some bipartisan laws starting in 2006.
The Internet was still young.
One of the bills Congress would pass, the Digital Accountability and Transparency Act, that's right, data, required that all federal spending data be displayed publicly.
Information that's free, publicly accessible, and that people can download and use for their own purposes.
Rachel says the Treasury publishes its bank statement because the U .S.
has kind of staked this ground of being super transparent.
That goes back to some bipartisan laws starting in 2006.
The Internet was still young.
One of the bills Congress would pass, the Digital Accountability and Transparency Act, that's right, data, required that all federal spending data be displayed publicly online in one place.
The idea was the American people could see if, to quote a Republican congressman at the time, their taxpayer dollars were being wasted or if they were being spent wisely.
Before that time, there was really no single way to track government spending across agencies.
And it made it really difficult to use data to inform evidence based policy decisions.
Rachel says if the public doesn't know the facts, it can't make informed decisions.
Transparency is crucial to a working democracy.
And this is something we can take for granted here, that of course our government publishes this data.
They basically always have.
But Rachel says this level of transparency was a choice.
We're really asking the government to open its checkbook every day and to show us what's coming in and what's coming out.
That's extraordinary access the public has, and I think it demonstrates the values that our government does place on transparency and communication.
While the government has chosen to have this access, not everybody knows about it or thinks about it.
Right. Like not everyone knows that to find the daily treasury statement, you need to go to fiscaldata .treasury .gov and then click on one of like eight hyperlinks to data set details and then click a little download cloud icon to get the actual PDF.
But you know who did know?
Our girl Lauren Bauer at the Brookings Institution.
So there was Lauren at Brookings a few weeks ago after a lot of confusing headlines over the weekend about federal spending and freezes when Lauren was like, oh, yeah, the daily Treasury statement.
You can see if the Trump administration is funding the judiciary.
You can see if they are funding Congress.
So it will be able to show many things that I think now are, you know, worth monitoring.
And so we were in a staff meeting and we're just talking about this.
And I was like, oh, there's an API.
Like the Treasury's website has an API, which is the computer way of saying a way to turn those daily Treasury statements into something bigger.
We can build something that people can use because the Treasury statements, it's like it's a PDF.
You only see one at a time.
It like replaces, you know, it's a website where that day's PDF at 4 p .m.
gets replaced with a different PDF, but there's an API under that.
And if we could grab the information, then we could reproduce it in a form where people could see whether the Trump administration had actually stopped the flow of funds.
You'd theoretically be able to see if parts of the government stopped requesting their allowances from the old money pipe.
So the Brookings team gets to work.
They pull hundreds and hundreds of old versions of that daily treasury statement, three years worth, and they build a way to automatically pull every new daily treasury statement as it is published.
And then the idea was if they could stitch all of that together, they could get a big picture of how much money goes through that giant money pipe, how much goes to the Department of Agriculture or the Library of Congress on any given day over a week, over three years.
and they would be able to see if that money is still flowing.
Like if I were writing a paper that were to accompany this, I would do a lot more stuff.
You know, like seasonal adjustments, rolling averages.
But we didn't because we had to go fast because there was this incredibly open, like important open empirical question, did money stop flowing?
And the way to see that is the straightforward way.
Just the basic numbers.
How much money had been flowing through the money pipe?
How much is still flowing?
And to whom? So, they build a basic program to turn all these daily treasury statements into an interactive graph.
And, in theory, because it's pulling new information once a day, it would allow them some clarity on federal spending in something approximating real time.
Of course, that is all assuming that it works at all.
We built like the roughest version of it basically on day one.
And so we do a Monday morning research staff meeting.
And so everyone on that call – can I swear?
Oh, yeah, please. Okay, great.
So this is my whole staff and I'm looking at the update while everyone's like giving their little reports and I go, oh, they actually defunded USAID.
And so everyone saw my face like go like, oh, my God, we – the thing we thought we could do, it did.
And so that was when it became clear that this tool could in fact show that the money was not sent to USAID because they didn't request it.
And so that was still that was still an open question at the time.
Oh, yeah. It was an open question.
Yeah. Their daily Treasury statement tracker had shown that all of the money had suddenly stopped blowing to USAID.
USAID had been functionally shuttered.
And all of this, of course, would become an ongoing legal dispute.
But for Lauren, in that moment, she had seen proof of concept.
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We wanted to look at this money pipe monitor tool out in the real world to get a sense of the ways it might be useful and to whom.
And we will begin with use case number one, which we will call the, if you know, you know, use case.
And for this, if you know, you know, use case, we return to Lauren Bauer from Brookings, actually, who helped create the spending tracker tool in the first place.
Oh, it's broken again.
It's gotten too much traffic.
Oh, wow. That's great.
I mean, it is, but it's kind of annoying because like when I actually want to use it, you know, I don't have special privileges.
While Lauren deals with that, you should know that being obsessed with the Daily Treasury Statement is not her normal job.
She is an expert in nutrition assistance programs like SNAP, formerly known as Food Stamps.
Lauren gets the MoneyPipe monitor up and running again, and we can see months and months worth of SNAP data.
All these little spikes of payments from Treasury to SNAP.
The thing that this looks like to me is like a heartbeat monitor.
It is, right. So if you can see here.
This is the one -year chart.
There are some very tall mountains that are very skinny.
They're very tall mountains.
And it really is like looking at a kind of financial EKG for SNAP.
You get this view of the economic heartbeat of a federal program.
And what that heartbeat looks like is generally three big spikes of money every month.
And because Lauren studies this program so closely, she knows that cadence is related to the way the program works.
It is, right. So if you can see here.
This is the one year chart.
There are some very tall mountains that are very skinny.
They're very tall mountains.
And it really is like looking at a kind of financial EKG for SNAP.
You get this view of the economic heartbeat of a federal program.
And what that heartbeat looks like is generally three big spikes of money every month.
And because Lauren studies this program so closely, she knows that cadence is related to the way the program works.
First week of the month, that's when people typically get their benefits.
So that's when states generally request the federal money they've been allotted.
Later on, there are administrative costs.
So more spikes. Now in the early case we talked about with USAID, that was a dramatic example.
Suddenly a total flatline in funding.
Anyone could have noticed that change.
But the use case we're talking about is a little different.
Because Lauren knows SNAP so well, she's able to keep an eye out for more subtle changes.
She zooms in on the most recent round of SNAP money payments.
You know, SNAP looks a little low, maybe, but it bounced right back up, which is consistent with its thing, with its normal overlines.
But, you know, if a reporter, who is you, or any other reporter were to call me and say, did you see something in the snap line that is concerning to you?
I would say not yet, but I'm watching it.
And this use case, experts who really know what to watch for, this is a big part of why Lauren wanted to make this in the first place.
To basically hand these financial heart monitors over to other specialists who know what to look for in their areas of expertise.
Okay, so that is use case one.
Use case number two, we're going to call the am I going to get my money or not case.
And in this specific case, it's more like is Stephen Hellman going to get his money or not?
I noticed you have literally nothing on your walls here.
And like maybe an equation?
A real futile equation on this whiteboard?
What's that? Just some stuff I was scribbling, computing some simple probabilities of some things.
Steve is an assistant math professor.
at USC. He is supposed to be getting a grant from the National Science Foundation.
That grant is for his research into complexity theory.
It's to study some problems in computer science using some math tools.
I guess that's the short description.
I try to prove what computers can't do.
I try to find the limits of computation using math tools.
The grant is for $199 ,006 over three years.
It would They pay for a student to work with him for travel money to attend conferences and for the summer when he doesn't get a salary.
And the university takes some of the money into their budget as well.
But will that money actually come through now?
Steve is not sure. There's a lot of uncertainty.
Theoretically, the money would start coming March 1st.
We reached out to the.
I see a big, well, sort of levels out, drops down to zero and then a big spike after that.
Yeah, a really big spike.
Yep, looks like a freeze in funds flowing.
And then presumably a big unfreeze when all the backed up funds flow out.
So for Steve, that's promising.
Yeah, it's nice to see.
But, you know, if you see zero, then that would not be ideal.
Now, of course, it's not like there's some line item saying Steve's grant.
This is just showing when the money is flowing or not flowing out of NSF.
Is the line going up or down or just laying there flat at zero?
But yeah, Steve says if this is the best we got, more than nothing is better than nothing.
Especially in an age when, yeah, there is a lot of misinformation around.
You know, it's nice to have an actual source that shows you the numbers, yeah.
Even though the money seems to be flowing to NSF, Steve hasn't hired his summer student.
He'll spend the money if and when it shows up.
OK, our third and final use case is what we might call, is there a reason to be worried about a gigantic mistake that might affect one of the most important financial instruments in the American and also global economy case?
Yeah. So some background on this one.
A concern that has developed over the last couple of weeks has to do with access to the giant money pipe.
Late last month, Elon Musk's Doge team was granted access to federal payment systems as part of what they say is an effort to suggest cuts to wasteful spending.
There has been reporting that this team has a kind of access that would allow them to change computer code in the federal payment systems.
Treasury initially denied this claim, but then they were like, oh, yes, whoops, that was true just for one person, but not anymore.
But nonetheless, if someone makes the wrong changes to the giant money pipe, it might could cause seismic problems, notably to the famously reliable drip of interest paid on U .S.
government debt, Treasuries.
And so for our final stop, we called up someone who was expecting lots of these regular interest payments.
His name is Guy Labaugh.
He lives in Philadelphia.
The Eagles had just won the Super Bowl, go birds.
Guy volunteered that he did not climb any lampposts to celebrate.
I didn't. I'm going to leave that to the 20 -somethings.
OK, so you're doing that risk -reward analysis and you're like, it's not for me.
Yeah, I mean, I am a fixed -income portfolio manager, so we're not usually the most exciting types in the world.
Guy buys and owns bonds professionally for clients.
And once a month on the 15th, he gets interest payments of millions of dollars on U .S.
treasuries. How do you know when you've gotten an interest payment into your portfolio?
Like, have you ever had to think about it arriving?
Well, that's a really interesting question.
You know, we do track interest payments for riskier bonds, but our systems are all built around assuming that payments just come in when it comes to treasuries.
And the line item on interest paid on treasury securities is my personal favorite thing to look at on the MoneyPipe Tracker.
So we pull it up together.
Here we go. I'll have to dig around a little bit, but it seems like a cleverly programmed widget.
What this graph looks like is just these massive, steadfast, steady spikes.
They represent the quarterly big interest payments the Treasury Department makes.
And they cover payment on trillions of dollars of outstanding securities that are used across the global financial system.
Treasuries are seen as the safest investment in the world.
The U .S. has never missed a payment in modern history.
Well, except for the one time in 1979 when we were accidentally a little late, one study found that just that tiny bit of uncertainty wound up costing the U .S.
government like $12 billion just for that tiny risk premium.
But other than that, so reliable.
And Guy admits if the U .S.
truly, truly, truly missed a payment, it would probably ruin his day.
That day would look like lighting my hair on fire and running around in circles for the most part.
Yeah, not ideal. Not what we want, Frankie.
But if you are worried about that, you can pull up the old money pipe monitor widget tracker thing and look for that reassuring spike, spike, spike.
So a very large problem would show up on this EKG.
a very large problem, meaning a missed interest payment on billions and billions and billions of securities.
I find that scenario among the least likely, and hopefully I still have that opinion three months from now.
So, meaning you don't think that they will miss a payment?
I really do not expect the Treasury Department to miss a payment.
So, third and final use case, watching Treasury interest payments, if that's what helps you sleep at night.
It does for me. Lauren Bauer from Brookings Institution has been frantically trying to keep track of who is using this and for what.
It is still a work in progress, and Lauren apparently is also open to ideas.
Now, do you have a mechanism for if a line item disappears?
That's a really good question.
I'm going to write that down as a thing we should do.
Good job. Thank you.
It would be hard to find someone who loves the Daily Treasury statement more than Lauren Bauer.
And she is delighted to be elevating the plucky little PDF, getting it more and more attention.
But with some government websites flickering on and off and with some public information getting pulled down, we asked her, is it possible to draw too much attention to our precious Daily Treasury statement?
Lauren says no. If that little Petey, for some reason, she thinks that would attract even more attention to it.
I am not worried if someone pulls my access to this, because if they do, then that is actually a paradigm shift of lights out into the public's insight into how much money the Treasury has and where it's coming in and where it's going.
And so I actually feel quite proud that we've pulled something that I that I dare you to remove the public's access to the federal government's balance sheet.
Do you double dog dare?
Not really. If you would like to follow the giant money pipe for yourself, you can find that at the Hamilton Projects website.
This episode of Planet Money was produced by Emma Peasley with help from James Snead.
It was edited by Kenny Malone.
It was fact -checked by the same James Snead and engineered by Jimmy Keeley with help from Neil Tibalt.
Alex Goldmark is our executive producer.
If you want to hear more about this story, you can keep an eye out for an upcoming Planet Money Plus episode.
That's in our feed of bonus content for subscribers.
And if there's anything in the headlines you are wondering about you want to stick us on, let us know.
You can email us at planetmoney at npr .org.
Special thanks to Christian Hoffman and Felix Lidetsky.
We will link to the Hamilton Project's website in the show notes.
I'm Mary Childs. I'm Erica Beres.
This is NPR. Thanks for listening.
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