Thank you for listening to The Rest Is History.
For weekly bonus episodes add free listening, early access to series, and membership of our much -loved chat community.
Go to therestishistory .com and join the club.
That is therestishistory .com This episode is brought to you by Mint Mobile.
Some of the great tussles and battles throughout history have been over money.
After all, who doesn't love to have a little extra cash on hand, but you don't have to lead a cavalry or storm a castle to bolster your bank account.
Do you know, there's a much easier way of doing things.
The single easiest thing you can do to save money is to switch to Mint Mobile.
Because unlike other wireless carriers that drain everything they can from you, don't they, Tom?
Mint Mobile have plans that start at just fifteen dollars a month and that's with high -speed data and unlimited talk and text.
That's amazing, Dominic.
So if you like your money, Mint Mobile is for you.
Shop plans at mintmobile .com slash history.
That's mintmobile .com slash history.
Up front payment of $45 for three -month five gigabyte plan required, equivalent to $15 a month.
New customer offer for first three months only.
Then full price plan options available.
Taxes and fees extra.
See Mint Mobile for details.
This episode is brought to you by Polestar.
Now for a quick break from the past, let's focus on the future...
Making the switch to electric doesn't have to mean leaving your dream car in the past.
And when it comes to electric driving Polestar 3 is setting the new standard.
Polestar 3 drives like a sports car and has the spacious comfort of an SUV.
With Polestar 3, you can truly have it all.
And did we mention the range of up to 350 miles per charge?
Discover why this SUV is the future of electric driving when you test drive.
Book your test drive at polestar .com.
Are your ulcerative colitis symptoms proving difficult to manage?
TrnVIA, Giselcomab can help you manage the cycle of UC symptoms.
At one year, many patients taking Trampia achieved clinical remission, and some patients also achieved endoscopic remission.
Individual results may vary.
Trampia is a prescription medicine used to treat adults with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis.
Serious allergic reactions and increased risk of infections may occur.
Before treatment, your doctor should check you for infections and TB.
Tell your doctor if you have an infection, flu -like symptoms, or if you need a vaccine.
Ask your doctor if Trimfaya can help you manage the cycle of UC symptoms.
Call 1 -800 -526 -7736 to learn more, or visit TrimfayaRadio .com I felt quite fresh and was delighted with the enthusiastic welcome of the crowds who were waiting in the rain, and who gave me the Nazi salute, and shouted, Hail, at the tops of their voices, all the way to the station.
There we entered, hit the special train for the three -hour journey to Birktest Garden.
All the way up there were people at the crossings, the stations, and at the windows of the houses, all hailing and saluting.
We drove to the brown house a good deal higher up the mountain half way down the steps that the Fuhrer bareheaded and dressed in a Kharkic callered coat of broadcloth with a red armlet and a swastika on it and the military cross on his breast.
He wore black trousers such as we wear in the evening, and black -patent leather -laced -up shoes.
His hair is brown, not black, his eyes blue, his expression rather disagreeable, especially in repose, and altogether he looks entirely undistinguished.
You would never notice him in a crowd, and would take him for the house -painter he once was.
After saying some words of welcome, he took me up the steps and introduced me to a number of people, among whom I only distinguished General Keitel, a youngish, pleasant -faced, smart -looking soldier.
We then entered the house and passed along a very bare passage to the celebrated chamber or rather Hall, one end of which is entirely occupied by a vast window.
The view toward Salzburg must be magnificent, but this day there were only the valley and the bottoms of the mountains to be seen." That was Neville Chamberlain who was writing to his sister Ida after his trip to Hitler's mountain lair on Thursday the 15th -7 -1938 and Dominic seems to have been completely obsessed with thought Hitler was wearing.
Amazing attention to detail.
But I suppose it's a novelty for Chamberlain.
Hitler's shoes. Yes, black paint and leather lace up shoes.
Yeah, you would take him for the house painter he once was.
Which he wasn't, was he?
No, he was never a house painter.
He was a postcard painter.
The fact that Chamberlain's described it in such banal detail to his sister this extraordinary meeting is a reminder of an unprecedented moment it is, right?
People don't normally do this.
So in the last episode, the first of our two part series is on Munich.
We talked about how rare it is for European statesmen to do this, to fly to each other's countries at a drop of a hat for an emergency summit.
You know, this didn't happen in the build up to the First World War.
Chamberlain is doing something extraordinary here.
He's boarded his plane, we ended last time, a Hestanera drone.
He's launching this remarkable kind of diplomatic coup in a desperate attempt to avoid war over Czechoslovakia a war that Hitler is planning to launch on the 1st of October which is just two weeks away.
And which Chamberlain doesn't know that of course.
No Chamberlain doesn't know that at all.
So just on Chamberlain his flight Chamberlain left with the goodwill of the British press kind of ringing in his ears.
Every newspaper in Britain said it was brilliant that Chamberlain was doing this.
They were so excited, the news from Paris you know Paris sent him to kinda messages to support the French are delighted he's doing it.
Crucially I think for Britain the Dominians, that is Australia, Canada and so on, New Zealand, they have made it clear to him they are very very reluctant to be dragged into a war in Central Europe.
Right. Because if the British don't want to die for Czechoslovakia, I guess if you're in Wellington or Sydney I mean they're even madder.
Exactly. So off he goes with their good will.
It's actually not his first flight.
This is one of the things that people think about Chamberlain that is wrong.
You go on with The Future George VI, hadn't you, at some air show or something?
Is that right? That's an industrial fair in Birmingham.
That's so Chamberlain.
It is. Yeah. And they'd only like gone, circled the field and then landed again.
But he had been in a plane before, that's the point.
It was great fun. Anyway, he's traveled this time with his closest aide who is a guy called Sir Horace Wilson, who is one of the civil servants, who was one of the key architects of the appeasement policy.
basically let's solve the European issue by giving into what they're more reasonable demands.
That's how they see it.
So, they have ham sandwiches and they drink whiskey on the flights.
I think that's an excellent combination, actually.
I think more airlines should offer that as an option.
It's a smooth flight, but then they get into Munich and there's a bit of a storm, bit of turbulence.
There's an Omen there, yes.
It is an Omen, yeah.
They are escorted by a German plane to the ground.
Chamberlain comes out of the plane, and he's very happy.
He's smiling for the cameras, he's very confident.
In his own mind, I think it's really important for people to get this in their heads about Munich.
Chamberlain is not doing all this sort of reluctantly, grudgingly, like he is the victim in all this.
He's seizing the moment.
In his mind, he is the star.
He is the hero of the hour.
He is the man of destiny, the modern politician who has seized European history by the scruff of its neck.
The arbiter of the continent's fate.
That's exactly how he sees himself.
Although that said, the anti -appeasement MP, Harold Nicholson, said that Chamberlain and Horace Wilson arrived in Germany with, and I quote, the bright faithfulness of two curates entering a pub for the first time.
That's a brilliant description.
Which I think is pretty close to the park.
So you sort of get a sense of that from Chamberlain's from that reading, right?
He get there's a big sort of - Just very pooter -ish quality.
Yeah. Yeah. There were lots of cars, people were saluting, Hitler had some smart shoes on.
More black trousers.
So he arrives at the Berghof.
Hitler's eeriey, his eagle's nest.
It's pouring with rain, it's very cloudy, which is why he says he can't see Salzburg.
He's not the first British visitor to go there.
David Lloyd George.
And the Duke of Windsor, who had been Edward VIII, notoriously, had been there.
He'd been there, exactly.
And Hitler was, as he describes, he's waiting from the steps.
They shake hands. If you look at the photos, they both look very jolly.
Chamberlain, of says his umbrella and his hat.
He obviously makes this remark about Hitler looking like a house painter, and actually, he's even more damning, I mean, British snobbery is a great theme of these episodes.
When he goes back to the cabinet later on, he says Hitler wasn't a, quote, "'the commonest little dog he had ever seen,' "'though it was impossible not to be impressed "'with the power of the man.'" So he despises Hitler and yet at the same time he recognizes that there is a kind of demonic quality to Hitler, though as we will see, I think Chamberlain completely misreads the balance of power between himself and Hitler.
Anyway, he's arrived at the Eagle's Nest.
Hitler says, come into my study.
They go into his study.
Riventropp, who is hanging around, is not invited in.
So that would have improved his mood.
No, no. He hates Chamberlain, hates Britain, loves German sparkling wine, but hates Britain.
He's not allowed into his Red Cross.
And for three hours they talk, and there's this storm raging outside, very kind of Wagnerian.
Hitler is speaking quite softly.
It's all been translated by his interpreter's guy called Paul Schmidt.
And he's going on and on about how badly the Sudanese and Germans treated.
And Chamberlain says, look, if you will rule out force, I will consider anything to make you happy.
Now we can talk about any kind of solution, but you must not fight.
Hitler at this point, loses his temper, and he says, well, I mean, you talked to me about force, he says, but Benes and the Czechs, they're already using force against my countrymen in the Sudetenland.
I will not accept this, you know, I will settle this question, all this kind of thing." And then he starts.
He can't control himself.
Yeah, he gets off on a rant, doesn't he?
He gets on a massive rant.
He says, I don't care if this is World War.
You know, if I want to settle this, I'd rather have a World War, frankly, I'd have, let's have a World War.
And Chamberlain is very cross with this point.
Chamberlain does not give in to him, Chamberlain is not a wimp and a weed.
Chamberlain says, well, if you think like that, then I've completely wasted my time.
There's no point in coming.
He says, if that's your intention, Why did you have me coming to Bertha's garden?
Under these circumstances, I think it's better if I leave straight away.
And amazingly Hitler backs down at this point, people don't normally talk like this to Hitler.
Hitler says, well Well, let's go back to your previous thing.
You said you would grant self -determination to the sedation Germans.
No, maybe we could.
Maybe let's talk about how that would work in reality.
And Chamberlain obviously thinks to himself at this point, you stand up to this bloke and And he will back down and he will be reasonable.
How are we getting this?
Is this from Schmitt or Hitler or from Chamberlain?
This is a combination of - Schmitt wrote memoirs later on where he talked about all this.
Schmitt is an amazing source but also Chamberlain reports all this to his cabinet, see?
And he also writes about it to his sisters, so the letter to Ida that we began with.
So we get kind of different - There is a possibility that he might be slightly bigging up his - Oh I think throughout this Chamberlain is definitely biggging himself up a bit.
I don't there's any doubt about that, in Chamberlain's version of the conversations he is always the star and he is playing Hitler.
Whereas I think in reality it's the other way around, it's the other way around.
Anyway they agree. Chamberlain will go back to Britain and we'll talk to his cabinet and Hitler says fine I'll wait for that and I won't order any precipitate military action.
And so Chamberlain goes off and he goes down and stays at the hotel down at the bottom of the mountain in Bertha's garden.
Now Chamberlain thinks, great, I've got a good result.
Hitler, once Chamberlain's gone, is delighted.
And he's rubbing his hands with glee, literally rubbing his hands.
And he says to Ribbentrop, well, I've got Chamberlain to give me the Sedaton land.
He says, it's win win.
If the Czechs refuse, then won't go along with this, then we'll have a war.
And if they say, yes, then I'll take the Sedaton land and maybe I'll just come back for the rest of Czechoslovakia later.
And they all think that Chamberlain is a fuddy -daddy old bloke with an umbrella, don't they?
They do indeed. They're all kind of laughing at him and thinking he's ridiculous.
Hitler does kind of make an offer to say that he might go to London, but he's worried that he will be heckled by British Jews.
He'll be poorly treated in his own mind, exactly.
So he never does. So that never happens?
No. I think probably best for Britain's image that we never had Hitler over.
He went to Liverpool, didn't he?
Yeah. So, the thing about Hitler's offer here, right, is that it is quite a departure from what he previously wanted.
Up to this point, he's been talking about the Sudetenland merely as a pretext to get the whole of Czechoslovakia.
He doesn't just want the Sudetenland.
He wants to break up the whole of Czechoslovakia.
But now, he's saying, well, maybe I will just take the Sudetenland and I'll come back for Czechoslovakia for the rest later.
So to that extent, he has kind of slightly blinked.
Anyway, Chamberlain goes back to London, everyone says, Oh, you've done brilliantly, well done.
What a tremendous man you are.
And he goes straight in to brief the cabinets, and here I think it's sometimes very tempting to just be unremittingly hostile to Chamberlain.
But here is a point where I think it's very difficult to be anything but hostile, because he clearly has completely misread the situation because he says, I've met Hitler, I'm absolutely convinced that Hitler's objectives are strictly limited.
He says, I believe Hitler when he says he only wants to bring German speakers into the right.
Like George Bush gazing into Vladimir Putin's eyes, seeing a good man.
This is exactly what he says.
He says, well, in spite of the harshness and ruthlessness I thought I saw in his face, I got the impression that here was a man who could be relied upon when he had given his word.
I mean, given what we know about Hitler, so they know about the lights and the long knives, they know about the Anschluss, they know all this.
That's a mad thing for Chamberlain to say.
Yeah, well, also the other thing is what about the Czechs at this point?
Because they're not present at this meeting, which is deciding the fate of their country.
So again, I kind of looked this up and Czechs, so leading Czechs are describing everyone involved in this in kind of very understandably, very abusive terms.
So they describes the Horace Wilson as a sow.
They refer to the French foreign minister as the swine.
So there's a lot of kind of porcine based imagery.
Yes, they say they refer to Chamberlain as the old man.
And one of them writes the Chamberlain government is treating our head of state as if he were N word chieftain ruling some troublesome colonial tribe.
Yeah, the Czechs, they feel absolutely furious.
And they're right. I mean, the Nazis are obviously behaving in a very colonial manner, the British are as well.
Yeah, it's kind of like, you know, let's draw a line on the map here and whatever.
Yeah, I mean you could say exactly if you're a check listen to this podcast you're like the British are behaving with complete arrogance here It's basically signing half our country away I mean that's the story of Munich isn't it the checks the story the next few days It's actually really simple the British with very enthusiastic French backing say to the checks Right.
You've got to give them the sedate and then and I know you can't you probably shouldn't even organize a referendum Just just hand it over.
That's the quickest thing.
So here's my question couldn't the checks have fought on any way They've got all this industrial hinterland.
They've got arms, they've got this incredible Maginot line in the mountains.
Very, very impressive.
Which they will lose if they hand over the Sudetenland because it's on the flank of the Sudetenland.
Why don't they just fight?
Particularly because the German economy is in the point of collapse at this point.
Because, well first of all, they don't know that about the German economy, but also they will lose.
boss, the Germans have done their war games, they're pretty confident they can win in no matter weeks.
But they're going to lose anyway.
I guess they think they're being put under enormous pressure by their supposed friends, be reasonable, give them the Sudetenland.
It's full of German speakers anyway.
But the thing is, with those defenses they would've had perhaps a chance.
If they surrender those defenses, they haven't got any chance at all.
Tom, you're quite right.
You're quite right.
And lots of listeners to this podcast will no doubt say you are right.
I think it's because they think, given that we'll lose either way.
Maybe if we get an international guarantee, we give them the Sudetenland and then we get a guarantee by the French and the British.
I mean, you've made comparisons with Russia and Ukraine.
I mean, everyone in the West assumed that Ukraine would lose the moment the Russians crossed the border.
The Czechs seem in a stronger position to me than the Ukrainians.
Yeah. The Czechs are arguably in a stronger position than the Poles were a year later.
For sure. Poland, that took about a month.
Could the Czechs have held out for two months or longer?
I mean, ultimately I think the Germans would've won.
And the Czechs with no allies, that's a big ask.
I suppose and they've got the Hungarians and the Poles sniffing around as well, haven't they?
Yeah. Your neighbors fancy a bit of you as well.
I just wonder, though, because, I mean, the tragedy of this is that they are very, very impressively defended.
Yeah. They have to give all that up.
Yeah, of course. Of course.
because what happens is that basically after a few days they give him.
Unrelenting French and British pressure, on the 21st of September they get a message from Prague, the Czechoslovak government sadly accepts the French and British proposals, but they say on the condition that you will do everything to safeguard our vital interests, i .e.
the Sudanese now will be given away, but you will maybe give us a guarantee you'll give us a pledge, you'll give us something anyway.
Yeah, which would obviously not be worth the paper it was written on.
Well, that's the thing, isn't it?
So meanwhile, what's Hitler been doing during all this?
He has been doing his usual thing, which he does when he's stressed, and he has massive lions, watches these terrible films.
Works at holes in flagpoles.
Exactly, just all this kind of thing.
He thinks that the Czechs probably won't give him what he wants.
But he now, having seen Chamberlain, he thinks, hey, that guy's not going to fight, that guy's never going to go to war.
So he says to Goebbels, I think we can probably push for a bit more, actually.
I think let's up the ante.
So let's go to the 22nd of September.
Now we welcome back to the rest of history.
A great theme of all our series about Germany, between the wars, which is the Spa Hotel theme.
So people will remember, we had a lot of spa hotels in the last season.
Particularly the Night of the Long Knives, wasn't it?
Which was all based in spas, pretty much, weddings and spas.
Well, it's like a fan favourite location where we're revisiting one of the Night of the Long Knives spa hotels.
Because the next meeting between Chamberlain and Churchill is scheduled for a spa, hotel in Bad Gordersberg on the Rhine River near Bomb.
So, fumes of sulphur, enormous sweating Germans beating each other with birch, twigs or whatever they do.
Mugs of hot water. Yeah, drinking like filthy water, like laughing at nothing, just dreadful.
Anyway, Chamberlain lands at Cologne, Cologne Airport just after midday, he's got his umbrella as his traditional.
He has to inspect a detachment of SS troops, then he's driven to this hotel on the right bank of the Rhine, the Petersburg Hotel.
It's been decorated for him by ribbon -drop, who stuffed it, I read, with fruit, cigars, hydrangeas, and odor cologne.
So common. Yeah, exactly.
You turn up and there's a load of odor cologne.
That's common. That's just a part.
Mickey Haslan would hate that.
Hitler was on the other bank of the Rhine, a fan favorite, the Draissen Hotel.
This was where he had planned the murder of Ernst Röhm.
So happy memories for him.
But he's in terrible form, Tom.
He's all nervous. Chamberlain's coming.
The journalists are there at the pace of swarming the press, and they see him looking strained and twitching.
And it's at this point that they start a rumor, some of the press, the German press actually, that he'd choose the carpet.
So they nicknamed He's going to name him the Tepek Feisser, which means The Carpet Biter.
And this becomes a big nickname for Hitler in the 1930s, 1940s among the press.
People say, Oh Hitler, he's always biting the carpets.
Anyway, Hitler's their bite in the carpet.
Finally, that afternoon Chamberlain comes over to the Spide, to alter the dresin.
Chamberlain's delighted with himself.
Chamberlain thinks, well, I've done a brilliant thing here.
I've done a great bit of work.
The Czechs are given in.
You can have the Sudetenland.
And we will give a guarantee to the Czechoslovakia for the rest of its borders.
And he says, maybe it would be a nice thing if you signed a non -aggression pact with Prague as well to show your good intentions and then job done.
We can all go home.
Hooray! Brilliant day's work.
And Hitler says I'm sorry, actually I've changed my mind.
The circumstances have changed and I have more demands.
He says my friends in Hungary and Poland also have territorial demands on Czechoslovakia and I need them to be satisfied.
And actually, now that I think about it, I don't really want to wait for the Czechs to give me the Sudetenan because they're mistreating our people every hour.
I'm actually going to send in, I would like to send in my army right now, please.
That's my plan. So I'm actually just going to go for it.
And Chamberlain, he sits there and the kind of blood drains from his features.
He says, But, but, but, but, but, but yes.
But Reich Chancellor.
Exactly. Yeah, he's outraged by this.
He basically storms off back to his hotel and refuses to come out again.
So they're in their kind of rival hotels.
Power play. Very very much.
Jamie doesn't show up the next day, the next day's meeting.
He sends a power play.
A letter instead. And he says a firmly worded letter.
Firmly worded letter.
He says British public opinion will not stand for this.
This is very poor. He says also the Czechs will fight you if you try to if you try to go in without a deal.
Hitler sends him a letter back.
Well, a polite letter actually by Hitler's standards, and eventually they agree that they will meet that evening so back at Hitler's Hotel.
Chamberlain goes in and Hitler says, I've changed my mind, actually they can have four days, they've gotta be out on the 28th and then I'm going in, they've gotta be out, like otherwise it's war.
And Chamberlain's very shocked at this and then another twist, we do like a twist in this series.
A man comes in with a note for Hitler, Hillel opens this note and he says, Ah, my God, the Czechs have mobilized their army.
And there's this long silence.
And Chamberlain apparently thought that Hitler was just gonna go absolutely berserk and order an invasion right then and there on the spot.
And then Hitler says, Fine, they can have a bit more time.
They have to be out by the first of October, I'll give them more days.
Because this seems a great tragic moment.
The Czechs have shown their determination, they've mobilized, they've presumably occupied all these fortresses, it just seems awful that they then just surrender it.
Yeah, you're taking this very personally, Tom, and not unreasonably.
I just feel it's a terrible thing.
I mean, it's a terrible story and we behave so badly, although obviously, not as bad as the Nazis.
No, it's important to stress that I think.
We're not the chief villains in this.
No. And of course, Hitler sells this to Chamberlain by appealing against Chamberlain's vanity.
He says to him, this concession that I'm making that they can have till the 1st of October, I'm only making this for you because of how much I respect you.
I wouldn't make this for anybody else.
And of course he loves this because he thinks, I am the star of the show, I have once again pulled off this coup.
So, Chamberlain goes back to London, Hitler goes back to Berlin.
Hitler spends that next day, which is Sunday, strolling in the gardens at the Reich does transfer to Goebbels.
And he says, look, what we're going to probably end up with now is we'll get the Sudetenland, we'll probably have to leave it at that, and then we'll come back next year or whenever for the rest of Czechoslovakia.
Meanwhile, Chamberlain is meeting his cabinet, and many of them are actually really shocked, they're much more shocked than Chamberlain was, that Hitler had been asking for more, Hitler had to change the terms of the game.
And they say, well, what we'll do is we'll send to Horace Wilson to Chamberlain's kind of right hand man and civil servant, send him back to Berlin and we'll tell Hitler, look, you were stressed to him.
You cannot attack the Czechs.
We have to get the deal.
If you use force at all, then the French will enter the war and Britain will support France.
They are taking a firmish line.
And they're starting to kind of get ready for war themselves, aren't they?
So the French are kind of sending troops up to the Maginot Line.
There is a sense that France and Britain are gearing up to take a strong position.
Yes, absolutely there is.
26, 27th of September.
This is when they start making really serious preparations, you know, kind of anti aircraft batteries are being called up.
And there's thoughts about evacuate people from cities.
Gas master children and things.
Exactly. So, the next day, Monday the 26th, Horace Wilson gets to Berlin, gets in the afternoon.
and he finds Hitler in a very peculiar mood, because Hitler has got a big speech that evening at the Sportpalast in Berlin.
Oh, Sport again. It's his mb .p theme.
Yeah, exactly. It's gonna be all these people in the stadium, Indoor Stadium.
With medicine balls.
Hitler's gonna address us, 20 ,000 people's gonna address them.
And Hitler's in a very, you know, sort of grumpy mood.
And he says to Horace Wilson, I'm sick of all this, like, negotiations and hotels and stuff.
He says, basically, the checks have to be out by the 1st of October or if they're not i'll attack them." He says and I quote, if France and England want to strike let them go ahead I don't give a damn.
He says to Wilson, do you not think that we want to fight?
Come and see my speech.
Wilson goes along to see this speech.
Hitler is absolutely ranting and raving like a lunatic.
William Shirer the American journalist we've quoted a few times he was there and he said Hitler was shouting and shrieking in And the worst state of excitement I've ever seen him in with a fanatical fire in his eyes, and he's screaming about germindom and the Germans being oppressed, and we will stand and fight and all this kind of thing.
And his audience, who are keen Nazis, go absolutely berserk.
Every sentence they applaud, and at the end they chant for minutes, Führer bifil, wir Reagan leader command we will follow, you know, this sort of quite chilling scene.
So not the way that Chamberlain would address the good people of Birmingham.
Not at all. But I have picked up a rather nice tea cozy.
Yeah, exactly. People at Birmingham would enjoy a kind of an indoor arena, with a sort of, they could do the NEC in Birmingham.
Villa Park. It's not indoors though, it's not the same.
No, it's not. I suppose.
Anyway, this is spiraling off.
The next day Horace Wilson goes back to the right chancery and he says, look, I've had a new message from Chamberlain.
Chamberlain says don't use force.
If you don't use force, Britain will guarantee that the cheques will clear out of the sedated land.
So Britain is actually really now.
Yeah, we're, get out of your well prepared fortifications.
Yeah, Britain is letting itself down, I think, at this point, Tom is fair to say.
And Hitler actually is very sulky at this point.
He says oh, I don't care what Britain does.
I don't care what you do.
All I care about is the checks have got to be out by the first of October.
He says, look, I want an answer in two days.
Are they going to clear out or not?
If they do not clear out, he says, I will smash the checks.
He repeats that two more times.
I will smash the checks.
And Wilson, who is a very tall man, he kind of draws himself up to his full height.
He says, I am warning if you do that, and if France feels honour bound to fight in defence of its obligations to Czechoslovakia, quote, the United Kingdom would feel obliged to support her.
And Hitler just stares in with his cold blue eyes and he says, if France and England strike, let them do so, it's a matter of complete indifference to me.
I am prepared for every eventuality.
It is Tuesday today he says and by next Monday, we shall all be at war Yet another cliffhanger.
I mean you've promised cliffhangers and they keep coming like Fire from a machine gun from a Bren gun, perhaps so let's take a break now and when we come back We'll find out if Britain and Germany do end up at war in 1938 This episode is brought to you by the Swedish clothing brand Asket.
Asket was founded in 2015 to develop clothing that stands the test of time and over the course of 10 years they've built just one single permanent collection of 50 garments where every piece is under constant and relentless refinement.
And while Tom they have just one permanent collection, they do offer three lengths for every regular size.
So for example, being normal I am a medium regular, but you Tom, you're a large long I believe.
Like a Swedish berserker Viking king, actually Dominick.
Right. I have to say, I really love their clothes.
I have a black hoodie that Sadie has essentially nicked off me, so that's my wife.
And I think that when she nicks clothes that's always a good sign.
Well I'm actually completely with you Tom.
I mean my Ascat cashmere sweater is a massive favourite of mine and I love the fact, Tom, did you know this?
That they work almost exclusively with natural materials and European craftsmanship and the cherry on the cake, their products are 100 % traceable.
No discounts ever. If you don't need anything, don't buy.
If you're considering something, visit ask it .com.
This episode is brought to you by Shopify.
Upgrade your business with Shopify, home of the number one check out on the planet.
Shop pay boosts conversions up to 50%, meaning fewer cards going abandoned and more sales going cha -ching.
So if you're into growing your business, get a commerce platform that's ready to sell wherever your customers are.
Visit Shopify .com to upgrade your selling today.
I'm William Gouge, a VURA collaborator and professional ultra runner from the UK.
I love to tackle endurance runs around the world, including a 55 day, 3 ,064 mile run across the US.
So, I know a thing or two about performance wear.
When it comes to relaxing, I look for something ultra versatile and comfy.
The Ponto Performance jogger from VURI is perfect for all of those things.
It's the comfiest jogger I've ever worn, and the Dreamknit fabric is wild.
Always reach for them over other joggers.
Check them out in the Dreamknit collection buy going to bureau .com, that's vuori .com, where new customers can receive 20 % off their first order, plus enjoy free shipping in the US on orders over $75 and free returns.
Exclusions To apply visit the website for full terms and conditions.
First of all, I must say something to those who have written to my wife or myself in these last weeks to tell us of their gratitude for my efforts and to assure us of their prayers for my success.
Most of these letters have come from women, mothers, or sisters of our own countrymen, but there are countless others besides, from France, from Belgium, from Italy, and even from Germany, and it has been heartbreaking to read the growing anxiety they reveal.
If I felt my responsibility heavy before to read such letters has made it seem almost overwhelming.
How horrible! Fantastic!
Incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a faraway country between people of whom we know nothing.
It seems still more impossible that a quarrel which has already been settled in principle should be the subject of war.
But as long as war has not begun, there is always hope that it may be prevented, and you know that I am going to work for peace to the last moment.
That is Neville Chamberlain of course, unmistakable tones, addressing the British people on the night of the 27th of September 1938 with a great rousing piece of oratory that deserves to stand beside the address of Henry V before the Battle of Ashen Kaur, the colors rung up by Nelson before the Battle of Trafalgar ringing stuff.
I mean, listen to that.
Yeah, he's not the most stirring of...
No, no. Listen to that.
You're not going to like, you know, reach for your gun and rush to the Battlefront.
tell you. Chamberlain, he is never a war leader.
He said explicitly, I am a man of peace to the depths of my soul.
Armed conflict between nations is a nightmare to me.
He's completely upfront about that.
And frankly, if you've been through the Great War, that's a completely reasonable position to take.
Because that famous line how horrible, fantastic, incredible, it is that we should be digging trenches and triangles.
Gasmard is here because of quarrel in a far away country between people of whom we know nothing, a very famous phrase, and always used to condemn him.
But I mean, and there he is absolutely articulating what the mass of people in Britain feel.
And that when Churchill for instance, who is the most famous anti -APista, says that what Britain is contemplating is shameful, they don't want to hear him say that.
No, I think that's absolutely right.
I think because people probably deep down know that it's shameful, and yet at the same time they think, we must do anything to avoid a rerun of the Great War.
Well, it'd be worse, wouldn't it?
because they think it would be worse.
London and other cities would burn, is what they think.
Exactly, exactly. Now even as Chamberlain is preparing that speech, people are queuing up for gas masks in British Town Halls and Village Halls.
The first children, blind children are being evacuated from London.
They've installed anti -aircraft batteries on Westminster Bridge.
There is this sense that a war that nobody wants is coming and will happen within days.
Interestingly the mood in Germany is very similar.
So that same day the 27th that Chamberlain made that speech, Hitler had arranged for a motorized division to pass through Berlin towards the Czech border and this was basically he wanted really to impress the diplomatic corps with Germany's readiness for war and Germany's war enthusiasm and there's an amazing description of it by William Shirer the journalist, who mentioned a lot and he talks about how the motorized division goes through the tanks or the armored cars or whatever they are, and people won't look at them.
People turn away. They duck into the subway.
They don't cheer. There is total silence.
He says it was one of the most striking demonstrations against war that I've ever seen.
And actually, Gurbles and the Nazi High Command, they're all quite disappointed with the Berlin reaction.
But actually, even in the Nazi High Command, there is massive anxiety, isn't there?
So Ribbentrop is all in favor of it.
but other members of the Nazi high commander thinking, oh, I'm not really not sure about this.
Yeah. War with Britain and France, really?
Are we ready? And also in the -the German Army, I mean, they're really nervous about it, so the figures on that is that on Germany's western flank, they are hugely outnumbered by the French Army.
Yeah, as they would be in 1939.
But in 1939, the Western Allies did not have an independent check of the back here with strong frontier defences.
That's right. Well, we'll see.
This point about the Nazi High Command is a really important one, and it's about to produce another of these twists in the story.
So the next day is Wednesday the 28th of September.
The House of Commons in London holds an emergency debate, and at this point, most people think we would probably be at war within… could be within hours, probably, because if Hitler it gives the go -ahead, France will feel honor -bound to defend Czechoslovakia, and we will feel honor -bound to fall in behind France.
Chamberlain's given this enormous speech, this like plodding speech to these fellow MPs explaining the whole backstory.
All the negotiations with Hitler all been for nothing, all this kind of thing.
Then there's an amazing...
I mean, it really is an amazing moment.
He has passed a note.
It kind of comes down the chain along the bench.
The piece of paper.
Piece of paper. Sir John Simon is sitting next to him, hands him this piece of paper.
And it's news from the British ambassador in Berlin and he stops talking.
He reads it, pauses, clears his throat, very theatrical.
And then he says, I have something further to say to the House.
He says, I've got an invitation.
I have an invitation from Herr Hitler to meet him in Munich tomorrow morning.
He's also invited Señor Mussolini and Monsieur De La Dier.
Señor Mussolini has accepted, I've no doubt Monsieur De La Dier is the French prime minister, will also accept, I need not tell you - He says, what my answer will be, as in I'm definitely going to go.
And when people hear this, there's this colossal roar of relief.
Peace in our time. And people are literally shouting, because people credit Chamberlain with this, right?
They say he called for peace at the last moment and Hitler has blinked.
And they are cheering.
They're waving their order papers.
People are literally shouting, thank God for the Prime Minister, hurrah for the Prime Minister and all this kind of thing.
And the debate is brought to a premature conclusion.
People are crowding around Chamberlain, a pattern on the back, and actually the last person to go up and shake his hand is Winston Churchill, who says to him, Godspeed.
and off because he's going to go off on this mission to try and and bring peace to Europe.
And actually what lies behind this is an intervention from a character who's, you know, who's well known to our listeners.
He's been very quiet in the last few episodes.
I think it's fair to say a bad man, but a memorable man.
Because we finally welcome back to the rest is history the sweating white suited bulk of Herman Goring.
So it's around this time that the Italian foreign minister bumps into Goring and finds in him a slight suggestion of Al Capone.
So Goring at this point is an absolutely enormous man if you see him in this suit.
The suit is like multiple sizes too small for him.
He's got all kinds of diamond studded tie pins in the shape of swastikas and things.
Yeah. So Goring who's a sweaty man as it is.
He's been sweating like a beast for the last few days because he's in a massive funk about the idea of a European war.
He thinks that European War is bonkers.
Like, we're gonna get this today to an end.
What do we want to fight France and Britain for?
He hates Ribbentrop with an absolute passion.
He keeps saying to Ribbentrop, stop asking for a war you fool.
And at one point they have a massive row.
Goering says, well I know what war is.
He says, if Hitler wants of war, I'll be on the first plane over Britain', but he says to Ribbentrop, but I'll make sure you're strapped in next to me on that plane.
Imagine if you were on that plane with, oh what a terrible nightmare, that is.
Who might even say next to you.
I mean, he's so large, isn't he, that it kind of crashed the plane.
I'm in the middle of the three between Gurring and Ribbentrop.
What a nightmare. Anyway, what actually happens.
Gurring goes behind Hitler's back.
He sends messages to Mussolini, an informal message just to London and Paris and he says to Mussolini I think you should call if you call for a peace conference your Hitler's ally Hitler will have to go along with it and actually if Mussolini calls for a peace conference it's a brilliant way for Hitler to kind of back down a bit on the war thing without losing too much face he will look like a person who in the final analysis was prepared to be reasonable because he gave into his Great Pal's request.
And so this is exactly what happens.
Early that day, the Italian ambassador had gone to see Hitler and said, oh, the Duce thinks you could postpone the invasion, have one more meeting with the British, invite the French along, and Hitler's kind of trapped.
You know, he can't, when he could ignore Mussolini completely, but that would risk his alliance with his biggest ally in Europe.
So Hitler says, yeah, fine.
So that is the cue.
That is what lies behind the infamous Munich Peace Conference, which begins the very next day.
And I think at this point, we've been leading up to Munich, but it's actually worth pausing to make a point that I think is often lost.
If you've been listening to all this story, it should be obvious at this point that Munich is not the great turning point.
No, because the betrayal has already happened.
The British and French have already basically told the Czechs to give over the Sudetenland and made it very clear they will not fight for the Sudetenland.
So actually, what's happened at Munich is not Chamberlain and Delatier backing down.
It's Hitler backing down.
It's Hitler not forcing his war on the Czechs and on the world because of Göring and Mussolini going behind his back.
It's not... Chamberlain's not going to give away anything that he hadn't given away weeks earlier, actually.
And this is fatal for Hitler's willingness in future to listen to anything that Göring has to say on foreign policy.
Yes. So he calls him an old woman doesn't he?
Exactly he does. Furious about it.
He's yeah, Hitler feels cheated and this will run through the rest of this episode and indeed next week's episode.
Hitler's sense of being cheated of his war.
Now Chamberlain doesn't get this at all.
Chamberlain still thinks I'm the star of this story.
I mean everyone in Britain kind of treats him like he's the star of the story.
When flies out the next day.
The whole Cabinet comes to the aerodrome to see him off.
The High Commissioners of Australia, Canada, Ireland and South Africa.
They all come to see him off.
Godspeed, good luck, all that kind of thing.
They think he is the architect of this, which he absolutely isn't.
And Chamberlain loves it.
He says, he has this quotation to the cameras.
When I was a little boy, I used to repeat.
If at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again.
That's what I'm doing when I come back I hope I will be able to say as hotspur says in Henry the fourth out of this nettle danger We pluck this flower safety, of course hotspur Lost the subsequent battle he did indeed.
They've not a good it's not a good home of on the other hand, it's kind of nice to think we once had Prime Minister's would run Yeah Yeah.
Yeah. I imagine Starva doing that.
No, I can't see Starva doing that.
As soon as he lands in Munich, the conference opens straight away.
They're meeting in Hitler's Munich headquarters, the Führerbau it's called, which is this huge neoclassical building that was built especially for the Nazi Party.
It's not a hotel, but it's basically...
Got that vibe. It's got that vibe.
It's full of kind of marble and flowers.
And I'm sure Riven Trop has sprayed it with odor.
Champagne. So the delegates will go straight up to Hitler's private study and they're sitting around these sort of little table beneath the portrait of Bismarck.
And presumably there's a famous conference where Disraeli goes.
Yeah Berlin. And Disraeli is seen as the guy who has bearded Bismarck in his lair and sorted Europe out and that must surely be on Chamberlain's mind that he's been playing that role?
Because that's where the Peace with Honor Peace Now timeline line comes from he's quoting Disraeli after 1878 I think it was so there around this table Hitler is there Marcellini is there Edouard de Ladier we have mentioned him he had actually fought at the Battle of Verdun so he's a serious person but he's very very miserable towards everyone said he looked like a snail which I can kind of see actually I gather Hitler and Goebbels thought he was more impressive than Chamberlain do they may not be saying much but no they thought he was yeah well I mean who would who would ever disagree with Hitler
and go. What tremendous judges of character they are.
But they'd have a sense of who they thought were.
I suppose they would, yeah.
They would. Now of course, the people who aren't there, the checks, no one's invited the checks.
Hitler has said there's no way the checks are coming, and the checks are outrage at this, and Chamberlain said to Edvard Ganesh, the Czech president, well I'll represent you.
I mean, that's like classic British arrogance, isn't it?
The conference actually, I didn't really know this about Munich Conference until reading up on it.
It was a complete shambles.
It was that German efficiency, it was not.
They didn't have enough pens and pencils, they forgot to bring any paper, it was a complete mess and the phones didn't work properly.
Ribbentrop was going mad about the phones not working.
He said it was very embarrassment for Germany.
And the British had to go back and use the phones in their hotel because the phones didn't work properly.
Anyway, as we said, I think the weird thing about the Munich conference is so well -known, but it's such a non -event because it's basically just kind of nothing to decide, Really?
They've decided. They've already decided.
Hitler's going to take this to date and land.
Britain and France are going to let him do it.
And that's it. And it takes them 13 hours to go through all the technicalities.
Chamberlain and der Laier are obviously a little bit downbeat.
Hitler's just bored.
He doesn't speak any language but German.
So he can't understand what's going on.
But I tell you who does speak a lot of languages, who's a real master of tongues?
Like you. Very like me.
Very similar people.
Journalist? Certain strut.
Thanks! Physical resemblance, I mean, come on.
Mussolini speaks German, he speaks English, and he's fluent in French.
So Mussolini is doing a bit of translating.
Having a great time.
Is that how he's doing it?
He's doing it like a guy from a restaurant in New Jersey.
Welcome. Welcome on.
Bienvenue. So, at about two o 'clock in the morning of 30th September.
The deal is done. them, the Czechs will have 10 days to get out of the Sudetenland, 10th of October, the Germans will march in.
And when you say the Czechs, I mean, you mean it's not just the Czech army, it's literally the Czechs.
Well, this is unclear, right?
A lot of Czechs flee the Sudetenland, it's not laid down that they have to.
And they're not being offered any compensation or anything.
No, no, I don't think so.
I mean, that seems a bad deal, if you're a Czech.
It's a terrible deal.
I see no positive there.
It's a very bad deal.
Anyway, the deal is done.
There's no point in you complaining about it now.
They bring out, they say that it has a big signing Hitler dips his pen and the ink special ink well that he has decided to There's no ink.
It's no ink and the inkwell Rieber and Trump's face furious another Make of that yeah Another disaster for Germany and actually I looked at I watched the final scenes.
But the pathway new news reels on YouTube Hitler looks exhausted Mussolini's having a brilliant time clearly but actually the person who's also loving is going guring is in this unbelievably tight, and he's cracking jokes and slapping people on the back.
He regards this as a victory for himself.
He's big mates with Sir Neville Henderson, the British ambassador, they've gone out shooting.
He's having a wonderful time.
Hitler, though, is very gloomy and despondent.
He's actually not got what he wanted, which was his war.
The next day, he has one last meeting with Chamberlain, they're obviously very tired because they've been up until very late.
Chamberlain goes in to see him and Chamberlain ...
This is where he presents his piece of paper.
Piece of paper. Chamberlain's surprising.
We will be friends forever and everyone will be happy and the flowers will come and everything.
We promise that we will never go to war.
Britain and Germany will never go to war with each other again.
No fairy will ever die again.
Now, in Robert Harris' novel about Munich, which is brilliant, he presents this as quite as ...
Chamberlain's clearly emotionally invested a lot in this piece of paper.
If nothing else, It is actually a useful political prop because I think it is important that piece of paper in the decline of appeasement.
Stiffening British.
Stiffening British resolve.
Hitler has made an explicit promise that he goes on to break and so I think it is an important piece of paper.
Hitler at the time sees the piece of paper.
He's baffled by it.
He thinks it's a complete waste of time.
He says, sure, I'll sign it.
I mean, I don't care.
He signs this piece of paper and Ribbentrop says to him afterwards, what was that piece paper.
And Hitler says it was of no significance whatsoever, which I think is wrong.
I think it really mattered in terms of British public opinion because this is the piece of paper that Chamberlain waves when he gets back to back to Hestenera Drome.
A paper that bears his name upon it as well as mine.
You know the the promise the promise.
Peace with honor. Peace for our time.
Which is of course what Chamberlain says when he comes back and he's greeted by great crowds and he's invited onto the Balcony, Buckingham Palace.
And he's the absolute hero of the hour in Britain.
And indeed, in the English speaking world, more generally, there are messages from America, from Australia, Canada.
Well done. But presumably not from Prague.
But not from Prague at all.
The news of the deal reached Prague on that same morning, so the 30th of September.
President Benes was having a bath when the news was brought to him.
And he said, very presently, he said, that it's a betrayal which will be its own punishment.
They think they will save themselves from war and revolution at our expense and they are wrong.
He did think about fighting anyway, so here's your answer to your question.
The Czechs did think about fighting anyway and they thought about asking the Soviet Union for their help and eventually, they decided, look, we're bound to lose.
We're not gonna condemn our people to so much suffering, and they said, Benesz said, we've been defeated not by Hitler, but by our friends, our so -called friends.
There are huge demonstrations in Prague.
People saying don't do it, but of course they do do it.
The German army crosses the border just as Hitler had planned.
Huge crowds of Sudeten Germans throwing their flowers and giving Nazi salutes and all this kind of thing.
And his answer to your other question about the Czechs.
So there's a huge population flight from the Sudetenland.
By the time the Germans crossed the border about 25 ,000 Czechs had already fled in the next two months.
leaving their possessions.
Leaving everything.
You know, the classic thing of people with that thing on carts.
Wheel barrows and things, yeah.
And in the next two months, another 150 ,000 people, including obviously the Jewish population who know exactly what Nazism will mean for them.
This was a catastrophe for Czechoslovakia.
They lost 3 million people.
They lost 11 ,000 square miles of territory.
They lost a fifth of their industrial production.
And crucially, they lost those frontier defenses that you've been talking about.
which have now fallen to the Germans without a single shot being fired, so if the Germans do want to finish the job, if they want to go deeper into Bohemia, nothing to stop them at all.
What is worse or as bad, Hungary and Poland both nibbled at the borders of Czechoslovakia and took more bits, as we'll talk about the Polish bit next week.
And Czechoslovakia, the whole balance of it was kind of upset.
So the Slovaks demoted more autonomy.
Basically, they end up with a much weaker, more federalised country.
There's a Czech bit, there's an autonomous Slovakia, and the Far East is a bit called sub -Carpathian Ruthenia, which is now a Ukrainian majority, and there, the German consul is basically the big man.
So in other words, the process of dismemberment has begun, and Hitler can basically move in to claim the rest whenever he fancies it.
And obviously this is terrible news for the Czechs but it's also I mean it's not great news for the conspirators in the German High Command is it?
No so that plot which we talked about last time Ludwig Beck, Admiral Kanaris Oster, these other characters who are thinking about moving against Hitler that's completely fizzled up.
Hitler's done it again.
Another foreign policy coup.
So yeah there's no mileage for a conspiracy against him.
And they say Chamberlain saved Hitler.
We would've moved against him, whether that's the case and whether it would've worked, I don't know.
But they definitely think that Chamberlain saved Hitler.
That is the last coordinated conspiracy against Hitler within Germany until 1944.
Until 1944. It's the kind of ancestor of the Stauffenberg plots, which is what slightly leads me to think it probably wouldn't have worked, because the Stauffenberg plot fizzles out within a day.
Well I think it might have worked.
Had the checks held out, had this resulted in economic meltdown, which was coming anyway.
Obviously, the absorption of Czechoslovakia means that economic meltdown is staved off.
But, I think circumstances might have been different.
Well, we never know.
That's the thing. As it is, people across Eastern Europe in particular, Hitler wins.
Hitler is the master now.
So two countries in particular, Hungary and Romania, from this point onwards they basically say well it's not much point in this.
All the French trying to build all these alliances, they're a complete waste of time.
They'll never fight for you.
We want to be in with the Germans.
They're the big men now.
But the person who isn't happy is Hitler.
He wanted his war, and he's been betrayed as he sees it by Mussolini and by Göring and by Chamberlain.
But he has stared into the eyes of Chamberlain and and he thinks that he sees weakness and pusillanimity and cowardice.
Yes. And that therefore he can take them on.
I mean, he calls them worms, doesn't he?
Little worms. I've seen them.
I've seen how contemptible they are.
Yes. And of course, that is not actually the right, so he is mistaken as well.
Because actually, when Chamberlain gets back, I mean he does all his paper waving and going on the balcony of Buckingham Palace and things.
But he does also say, we've got to rearm.
We've got to press the accelerator on this.
Yes, he does. He absolutely does.
I think in the last episode, I quoted Ian Kershaw saying about how cunning Hitler's foreign policy coups had been, how brilliantly planned, how ruthlessly the propaganda had been cranked up.
What a great judge of timing Hitler had been.
This is really the first point at which I think you can say his instincts completely begin to desert him.
He believes his own publicity and he misreads the situation.
I think you're dead right.
I think he completely misreads Britain and France after this.
I mean, all the stuff like, they will never fight, they're weak, all that.
He is dead wrong. He's running out of time now before they do fight.
I think, and he doesn't see that, I think.
He doesn't see that at all.
But one thing about Hitler though, he feels that the German people have let him down.
He's really discomforted that there was not more enthusiasm for war in the autumn of 1938.
He was shocked that people cheered Chamberlain as he drove through the streets.
He's let Germany down, they've let Hitler down, but worst of all, they've let themselves down.
They've let the school down.
And he says, so I wonder whether the pogrom of Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass, against the Jewish population of Germany, which happens just a few weeks afterwards, November 1938, we did an episode on it in our previous season, the violence of that, and the violence for which Hitler, you know, he personally was responsible, he ordered it.
I wonder at some level whether his sense of frustration that he hasn't got his war, His obsession with - He's like a kind of spoiled, very violent toddler.
Yeah, I mean that's the issue you get with this.
Lashing out, exactly.
On the second night of Kristallnacht, he summons a closed meeting of German newspaper editors and he says to them, I'm sick of all this stuff about peace, world peace, peace propaganda or peace is the most important thing.
And he said, it isn't the most important thing.
We need war. We should arrange things, he says.
So now I quote, the inner voice of the people itself, slowly begins to cry out for the use of force.
And from this point, he is already thinking about the next conquest.
This is the thing that he just cannot, he's addicted.
He's like a drug addict.
He cannot. He needs the next hit.
So the next thing he thinks, I'll get the rest of Czechoslovakia.
He wants a port called Memel, which was a Baltic German seaport that's now basically been swallowed up by Lithuania.
But he's also now for the first time thinking about another target, and this would be his biggest target yet, and this would be Poland.
Right Dominic, thank you.
A very sombre, brilliant account.
And we will be telling the terrible story of the build -up to hitler's war on poland it's course and it's aftermath next week and members of the rest is history club will get all three episodes of that story on monday and if you're not a member of that club but you would like to get those episodes on monday then you can sign up at the rest is history .com but either way we will be back with the nazi war on poland on monday bye bye you
