This is an iHeart Podcast.
So you can't get the trip out of the group chat.
We've all been there.
But did you know there's actually a pretty easy solution?
EF Ultimate Break is a group travel company for 18 to 35 year olds, with over 140 itineraries all over the world.
Just sign up and recruit six or more friends for a trip and you'll save hundreds or even thousands of dollars.
You could even travel for free.
Learn more at efultimatebreak.com.
That's efultimatebreak.com and turn the group chat into a group trip.
Hello, my lovely listeners.
By now you know, the more knowledge we have about ourselves and the way our bodies work, the more empowered and in control we are.
And this is also true when it comes to our sexual health and what to do after unprotected sex.
That's where Plan B comes in.
It's emergency contraception with no age requirement that helps prevent pregnancy before it starts.
And because it works by only temporarily delaying ovulation, it won't impact your ability to get pregnant in the future.
We love a backup plan that puts us in control because the more we know, the more power we have.
Learn more at planb1step.com, users directed.
This is Sophia from OK Storytime.
This is it, the moment we've all been waiting for.
The next up, live music finals, live from the legendary iHeartRadio Theater on September 26th.
12 of the hottest rising artists will step onto the stage with their biggest performance yet.
Hosted by JoJo on the radio and EJ from 1027 Kiss FM, and judged by an all-star panel of music powerhouses.
This is where stars are born.
Watch it all unfold live on TikTok on September 26th from 7 to 9 p.m.
Pacific time only on the official TikTok handle at TikTok live underscore US.
Again, that's at TikTok live underscore US.
U.S.
What happens when Delta Airlines sends four creators around the world to find out what is the true power of travel?
It's these small moments of intention, right?
Not just people to places and destinations.
It's connecting people to other people, other cultures and ultimately, experiences that can't be replicated.
Find out more about how travel can support wellbeing on this special episode of The Psychology of Your 20s, presented by Delta.
Fly and live better.
Listen wherever you get your podcasts.
Hello everybody and welcome back to the psychology of your 20s, the podcast where we talk through some of the big life changes and transitions of our 20s and what they mean for our psychology.
Hello everybody, welcome back to the show, welcome back to the podcast.
It is so great to have you here back for another episode, as we, of course, break down the psychology of our 20s.
Today, my friends, let's talk about happiness.
We're going to talk about what it means to be happy.
Seemingly very, very simple, right?
If you are a human, you will understand that it is incredibly elusive at times and actually a lot more complex than we have been taught to think of it as.
Humans have been talking about happiness for as long as humans could basically talk, from I don't know ancient philosophers like who believed happiness was like the highest human good, to modern day neuroscientists who are obsessively studying the brain's reward system.
Humanity has been on what feels like a relentless quest to uncover the secrets of a happy life, since humanity was, I don't know invented, existed since its origins.
But I personally think finding happiness these days and like I'm talking, real happiness, like real deep happiness, life satisfaction and contentment and joy is really, really hard.
We are bombarded with images of the perfect lives we see on social media.
There is this increasingly wide gap between rich and poor.
We are often convinced that happiness is like a destination that we can reach if we just work hard enough, if we buy the right things, if we achieve the right milestones.
And it's probably no surprise that this narrow view is a huge part of the problem.
I think a bigger issue with how we view happiness right now is it's a singular thing.
Happiness is a state, a singular state that we want to be in as much as possible.
And I don't think that we really have an appreciation for how perhaps less positive emotions actually contribute to to satisfaction and contribute to emotional well-being.
I think we just think of happiness as the ultimate goal, without realizing everything that it takes to get there and everything that we don't actually require to be happy.
So today we are going to break down the myths, misconceptions and, of course, the science and psychology of true genuine, lasting psychology.
And we're also going to go beyond quick fixes, quick fixes for feeling more happy.
You know, everyone knows, that seeing your friends and exercising and meditating and journaling is going to make you feel good.
But what about some deeper, psychologically backed strategies that can actually make this, make happiness more deeply ingrained and more effective to actually find?
That's what I really want to talk about some of the things that are perhaps hidden in the psychology research, some of the strategies that are hidden in academia that I think should be more popularized, that I think we should be talking about more when we talk about a happy life.
So there is so much that we're going to discuss.
We're going to discuss whether, like money makes you happier.
We're going to discuss whether it's possible to be happy always.
The happiest country in the world, the happiest people in the world, everything you can think of that has to do with this topic.
We are, we will be there, we're going to sink our teeth into it.
So, without further ado, let's get into it.
So, first things first, and I know this is going to sound so silly and so basic, but what are we actually talking about when we talk about happiness?
What do we actually mean here?
Again, I know it sounds silly.
I know we probably think we have a good grasp on this by now, but just like humor me for a second, okay.
The field we actually need to turn to is not just the field of psychology, but the field of positive psychology.
Positive psychology is basically like a unique branch of this discipline that is dedicated to studying what makes life most worth living and also what makes people happy.
And that honestly sounds like the most amazing job ever.
Like, imagine your only job is just to figure out how to be a happier person.
But researchers in this space have spent decades trying to find, trying to measure, trying to define happiness, amongst other things, and they found that in reality, it's a lot more than just a single emotion, as we've been taught to view it as.
There's actually two types of happiness, hedonic and eudaimonic happiness.
Hedonic happiness is, I think, the kind of happiness most of us initially think of.
It's basically the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
A very simple equation.
This is like A combination of the feel good stuff, like the rush you get from a compliment, the satisfaction of a delicious meal, you know, going on a roller coaster.
And then the subtraction of negative stuff like not feeling pain, not feeling sad, not feeling heartbreak.
This is basically a utilitarian notion of happiness.
We can basically determine how happy someone is by summing up the pleasures and subtracting the pains.
The experience of positive effect, just like the moment to moment feeling of joy.
That is hedonic happiness.
But the problem is is that those moments are often very short lived and they're often tied to external stimuli.
Hedonic happiness is really focused on feelings.
The pleasure or the joy that we get from having things, seeing things, being around certain people.
Unimonic happiness.
On the other hand, it's about living a life of meaning and purpose and self-realization, even if maybe, day to day, you aren't experiencing as many external highs.
This concept really first started with Aristotle.
We've already said his name once.
He's definitely like a key person in this discussion, but He essentially suggested way back in the day that true well-being doesn't come from pleasure alone, but it comes from fulfilling your deeply seated potential and living a life aligned with your values.
Think of like the profound sense of pride that a parent feels watching their child graduate, or like the quiet contentment of like a volunteer who has dedicated their life to a cause they believe in, even when it was hard.
Think about people who train for multi-day hikes or triathlons and it's hard work and it's painful.
And to be honest, it probably really sucks.
But then they complete it and they just feel this deep sense of accomplishment, even if they hurt all over.
These moments may not always be easy.
They're definitely not filled to the brim with pleasure, but they are incredibly rewarding on a much deeper level, and they are a more sustainable form of happiness.
Now, both types hedonic and eudaimonic are incredibly important for overall well-being, but they contribute to our lives just simply in different ways.
A great framework for understanding these different facets, which you've probably heard of if you've ever spent any time in positive psychology or Psychology in general, is the PERMA model, which was developed by the psychologist Dr Martin Stilkman.
He is a key figure within the field of positive psychology and he basically proposed that Again, well-being is not a single feeling.
We know that by now, but it is built on five measurable elements.
And these five elements obviously create the acronym PERMA.
So let's start with P. P is positive emotions.
This covers, like the hedonic side of happiness, the good feelings of hope, being in love, feeling grateful giggling smiling, all those like nice soft, floaty feelings that we experience hopefully, day to day.
E is engagement.
This is the state of flow.
We talk about this all the time.
It's the state where you are so completely mesmerized absorbed, challenged by an activity, but also equally enthralled by it, that you lose all sense of time and self.
Now, we find this in our hobbies.
We find it in our creative pursuits.
We find it in challenging work.
We also find it when we are pursuing or living out our purpose.
Actually, one of the initial like conceptions of flow, or how we initially discovered flow, was through this Russian psychologist who wanted to figure out what highly successful people all had in common, whether they were ballerinas, whether they were CEOs, whether they were athletes doctors, whatever it was, and all of them had this flow relationship with their work.
I feel like this one's very easily explainable.
It's just relationships.
There are probably very few, if not no, people in this world who could be Seriously happy without having strong positive relationships with other people.
That is a fundamental human need.
And it's also one of the most powerful predictors of well-being.
What I really like about this PERMA model is the inclusion of this and the fact that happiness is not a solo experience.
It's a joint one, which I love.
M, similar to E, is meaning.
Having a sense of purpose, a sense of belonging to something bigger than you.
Having maybe a cause that you're working towards a spiritual practice, something that tells you like oh, I'm here for a reason.
Existence. does have a point and I'm living out that point.
And finally, A. A is accomplishment.
The feeling of striving for and achieving goals.
This provides us with a sense of mastery.
It provides us with a sense of competence, which is also another essential human need.
So according to this theory, true happiness, again, it isn't one thing.
It's a blend of all these elements.
Research has consistently shown that individuals who score highly or even moderately on all measures of PERMA tend to report greater life satisfaction, greater overall well-being.
They are happier compared to people who score, you know, low on these things, or also compared to people who score really high on on just a few of these things.
So, for example, someone might make a lot of money and they might have seemingly a lot of friends and get invited to a lot of parties and events, but If they don't have meaning or many day-to-day positive emotions, they may actually be less happy than someone who makes a lot less money, maybe only has a few close friends, but has a strong reason for being, has a strong sense of personal accomplishment and a strong sense of engagement in their life.
It has to be a blend, right.
It's like trying to make a cake only with two of the ingredients you need.
What this theory really says is you need all of them.
There's so much research on happiness and wellbeing.
And I think it really begs the question, like, can happiness actually ever be measured?
Like, You know, I just talked about this comparison between these two people.
Is that comparison actually possible?
Is there, like a statistically scientifically mathematically, is there?
Does the happiest person in the world actually exist and could we find them?
Well, here's the thing.
Happiness can be studied because of its components can be measured.
But it's really crucial to understand a key distinction.
We can't actually directly measure the feeling of happiness itself.
Like we haven't actually gotten to that point.
We can only really measure, like the behavioral and psychological signifiers that indicate a happy or flourishing life.
So, for example, you know you can't directly measure sickness in somebody, but you can measure a person's body temperature or a person's white blood cell count, which is an indicator.
And these things like purpose and relationships and engagement.
They are the body temperature, the white blood cell count of happiness.
And this is where models like PERMA become so powerful.
The elements within this model, they're all observable, they're all quantifiable.
That's what makes it a really great psychological tool to understand perhaps, where someone may be lacking or why someone may be flourishing more than another person.
So scientifically, we can measure individual indicators of happiness, but in terms of finding the happiest person in the world, it's going to be very, very hard, because happiness it, remains completely subjective.
It is experienced differently between people, which is why discussions around optimism versus pessimism sometimes come up.
It's a core question at the center of happiness research.
Are some people just inherently more happy than others?
Are they just born that way?
Well, it turns out some part of that is true.
Some people do have a genetic predisposition to finding better engagement, having more positive emotions, but it's a bit more complicated.
Our level of happiness and the way we experience perma basically, is influenced by a.
So there's this thing called the happiness set point theory.
It was famously proposed by the researcher, Professor Sonia Lubomirsky.
She basically suggests that a significant portion of our happiness around 50 is kind of something we're born with.
It's determined by our genes.
We are born with a genetically determined baseline level of happiness that we tend to return to even after major life events.
And we don't really know any differently.
Think about you know, there are certain people you know who just always seem really cheerful, always seem really resilient.
They always bounce back really quickly from setbacks.
And then there are other people, you know, who tend to be more reserved, super cautious, who tend to just find themselves lingering on setbacks, even when they don't want to.
Some of this isn't a matter of choice.
A significant part of this is inherited.
We know that through twin studies.
Studies comparing identical twins and fraternal twins consistently show that identical twins have far more similar levels of happiness, even when they've been raised in different families.
Considering that identical twins share 100 of their genes or DNA, and fraternal twins only share about 50, this suggests that a substantial portion of our happiness I'm not going to say substantial a portion of our happiness is hardwired into our DNA, and this genetic component explains why, even after major life events, both negative and positive, we tend to return to our baseline level of happiness over time.
So this really brings us to life circumstances.
Now life circumstances actually make up the smallest part of this equation.
They tend to contribute to only about 10% of our overall happiness and well-being.
So life circumstances, it includes all the external factors that make up our lives.
So income, marital status, health, even our appearance.
Logically, we often assume these factors have the biggest impact on our happiness.
You know, after all, like a pay raise, a new home, a new relationship, feeling good in your body, that feels like it would make us significantly happier for the long haul.
However, in reality, it's a different story.
This is largely due to a phenomenon we know as hedonic adaption.
We quickly get used to new circumstances, whether they're good or bad.
So like the excitement of a new car or a big salary feels amazing for a little while and And then the feeling kind of fades and we return to our emotional baseline.
This doesn't mean that these things don't matter at all.
Financial security, for example, is crucial for reducing stress and can seriously lift someone's well-being if they are in poverty.
But the impact on our long-term happiness after we've had this benefit or had this thing for a while, does tend to become limited and does tend to drop off.
The most empowering and actionable part of this model And let me just say, it is a model.
It's not always going to be 100%.
It's definitely like there is evidence for and against it.
But the most actionable part of this model is made up of our intentional activities.
What we choose to do with our time.
This 40% represents the portion of our happiness that is entirely within our control.
And it all rests on the conscious things we do and we think about on a regular basis.
So this category includes things like behavioral activities, so slowing down, engaging in acts of kindness, exercising regularly, spending time in nature, making art, giving back to the community.
Cognitive activities practicing gratitude, reframing negative thoughts, cultivating an optimistic mindset.
And then volitional activities committing to meaningful goals, increasing our education levels, building strong relationships, savoring positive experiences.
By consistently engaging in these intentional activities, we can deliberately actively increase our levels of happiness, regardless of our genetic set point and regardless, to a degree, of our life circumstances.
In short, you can't change your genes, you can't predict your circumstances, but having the right mindset and your daily habits and choices are still incredibly powerful tools for cultivating lasting joy and wellbeing.
And I think that the thing is is that, even though genetics might seem like it makes up a bigger slice of the pie, there's not a single person who is like, completely determined to be unhappy in every single moment of their life.
So that 40 of intentional things can still, for every single person, shift the balance and shift the scales for them.
Okay, we're going to take a short break here.
But when we return, let's talk about...
Some of the myths you may have seen swirling around about happiness recently.
You know, are we becoming less happy?
Will making a lot of money make you more happy?
Well, hopefully I have some answers to those very questions, plus, of course, some tips.
So stay with us.
So you can't get the trip out of the group chat.
We've all been there.
But did you know there's actually a pretty easy solution?
EF Ultimate Break is a group travel company for 18 to 35 year olds, with over 140 itineraries all over the world.
Just sign up and recruit six or more friends for a trip and you'll save hundreds or even thousands of dollars.
You could even travel for free.
Learn more at efultimatebreak.com.
That's efultimatebreak.com and turn the group chat into a group trip.
Hello, my lovely listeners.
By now you know, the more knowledge we have about ourselves and the way our bodies work, the more empowered and in control we are.
And this is also true when it comes to our sexual health and what to do after unprotected sex.
That's where Plan B comes in.
It's emergency contraception with no age requirement that helps prevent pregnancy before it starts.
And because it works by only temporarily delaying ovulation, it won't impact your ability to get pregnant in the future.
We love a backup plan that puts us in control because the more we know, the more power we have.
Learn more at planb1step.com, users directed.
This is Sophia from OK Storytime.
The wait is over, the next up, live music finals are here.
On September 26th, TikTok Live and iHeartRadio bring you the biggest night in live music streaming directly from the legendary iHeartRadio Theater in LA.
The top 12 artists you've been following will take the spotlight for one career-defining performance, judged by music gurus and industry powerhouses Tom Pullman, chief programming officer at iHeartRadio.
Beata Murphy, program director of 1027 Kiss FM.
Justina Valentine from MTV's Wild N' Out and viral guitarist John Dredda.
Hosted by JoJo on the radio and EJ from 102.7 KISS FM, this is the ultimate showdown.
The judges will crown the next up live music winner and you have the power to decide who takes home the People's Choice Award.
Don't miss a second.
Watch it all unfold live on TikTok on September 26th from 7 to 9 p.m.
Pacific time only on the official TikTok handle at TikTok live underscore U.S.
Again, that's at TikTok live underscore U.S.
Together, let's witness the birth of the next music superstar.
What happens when Delta Airlines sends four creators around the world to find out what is the true power of travel?
I think it helped me sort of like get grounded.
I think I unlocked some like childhood dream.
Turned my stress into excitement.
Take that gratitude from those experiences into your daily life.
That's why I connected with Dr Henry Ting, Delta's Chief Health and Wellness Officer, an instrumental voice behind this travel experiment.
Traveling in general is going to give you that social and cultural and psychological and emotional expansion.
Yeah, you know, at Delta, we like to say no one better connects the world.
It's connecting not just people to destinations.
It's connecting people to other people, other cultures and ultimately, experiences that can't really be replicated.
Find out more about how travel can support wellbeing on this special episode of The Psychology of Your 20s, presented by Delta.
Fly and live better.
Listen wherever you get your podcasts.
I've recently been having a lot of discussions with my friends recently about like are we a sadder generation?
Is this generation just bound to suffer because of the fact that the world literally feels like it's on fire?
And in some cases in the past couple of years has literally been on fire.
It seems like Every time we catch up, like I was at the beach with my friends.
I was at Bondi Beach the other day and it's like the first thing we discussed is like did you see the horrible thing that happened in the news?
Did you see what, like that government is doing this time?
Did I tell you about, like these awful protests and how awful my job is and however worked I am and oh that, like you know, my financial situation is bad and I've lost my job, and blah blah, blah.
It's like every single time we hang out, the first thing we have to just get out of the way is like All right, let's just address how shit the news is and how terrible the current state of the world is.
And, you know, pretend for as long as we can, or like, try and like get a respite from it.
And try and pretend that it's not making everyone more miserable day by day.
It's hard to kind of keep your head above water at the moment.
I've really been pondering it.
Probably because of social media and how I think people are being more open about the fact that they're struggling and are like really acknowledging that the circumstances of the world are pretty dire.
Are we becoming less happy as a collective?
Has there been a noticeable change in happiness levels?
So there are a couple of groups, a couple of organizations that attempt to answer this very question year after year.
They also do a bunch of work around how money, economics and happiness tie together.
And they also assess happiness levels in each country.
Turns out the happiest country in the world, by the way, is Finland.
Eight years in a row as of 2025.
If you're from Finland, tell me what's happening in your country that is making that the case, because you guys are some happy folks.
But one of...
And these attempts is the World Happiness Report.
It's conducted year after year by the University of Oxford in collaboration with, I think it's either Oxfam or the UN, and then also Gallup, the like survey, company surveys.
Yeah, they do like surveys and polls.
And the results have shown a pretty stable average level of happiness over the past few decades.
Everyone's kind of sitting around like the 70 mark, like not 50, where things are getting terrible, definitely not 100.
However, recent analysis has revealed a really concerning trend, particularly in younger generations.
There have been, and has been, a noticeable decline in happiness and the life satisfaction of young people since around 2010.
For the first time since these studies have been conducted in countless countries, young adults are less happy than their older counterparts.
And obviously we want to address happiness and unhappiness in every single age group and every single population.
But we've kind of always assumed that our youth is like this nice golden bubble, or should be this nice golden bubble, for as many people as possible.
So the fact that that golden bubble has seemingly burst is obviously making a lot of people super concerned.
Researchers point to a lot of different factors, but of course, like it's an ongoing discussion.
The rise of social media is a big one.
Everyone kind of wants to pin it on that.
And in some ways, I do think it's responsible.
Like, the rapid emergence of technology has made it really hard to experience happiness subjectively, without comparing it to someone else.
But there have been recent articles and books written which are saying that.
Blaming social media is actually just like a complete red herring.
Like it's really when you look at it.
The impact of it is not as severe as other things like economic conditions or a sense of optimism for the future.
But people do continue to say that is a main contender. in the 2024 World Happiness Report.
They did manage to explicitly link the decline in youth well-being to increased internet usage.
I actually saw a recent article from the National Bureau of Economic Research which noted a specific collapse in the well-being of young people, especially women, around 2013.
What did that coincide with?
That coincided with the widespread adoption of smartphones.
But again, economic hardship is a sense of political instability, increased loneliness.
They are all also to blame.
I think technology is just the easiest one to kind of pin it on, because it is the thing that has most rapidly, I think, changed about society in the last couple of decades.
But again, like back to this is that What's really concerning is that it's mainly young people.
And we have again, always adopted this belief, based on this very famous U-shaped curve of happiness, that You should be the happiest version of yourself in your late teens and in your 20s.
And it's midlife where you should be really starting to perhaps feeling the pressures of career and family and financial responsibilities.
A lot of that is now moving up.
People are adopting this sense of anxiety and stress and fear a lot earlier.
And there are so many explanations for that, but I feel like...
Our 20s are no longer this time for experimentation and this time to be a little bit carefree.
It feels like you have to get serious a lot quicker.
It's also why we're starting to see people have quarter life crises.
That's like a new term that's only been introduced in the last maybe 15 years.
It used to always be about the midlife crisis, this point where people really had this like moment of crisis, clarity and confusion and just like existential dread around what their life really meant and what they really wanted out of their life.
That's happening earlier.
People are feeling less positive.
And the thing is, is that we're not seeing much of a change in like that midlife low point.
People like in the later years are still kind of experiencing the same levels of happiness, which is a good thing.
But it is really going to show that there is this The early 20s high point is no longer the norm.
Happiness feels harder in our 20s for a lot of reasons.
Things that aren't new.
You know, there's this massive social displacement or social splintering where...
All our structures of friendship just kind of like explode the moment that we graduate high school or uni.
And you know we are expected to do so many things at once build a life, build a career, build new social circles, build a primary, stable romantic relationship.
Also, whilst we're in like a new, you know, environment, also meant to build like financial wealth.
And so I think that a lot of us are really, really struggling and a lot of us are really thinking like, oh my God, is this like the next 40 years of my life?
Not necessarily the case.
A lot of people think about that U-turn of happiness or that U-shape of happiness and think like, all right cool, once I turn 30 it all goes downhill.
But it is important to remember that this is a model.
It's not an individual diagnostic tool.
It's not saying that every single person's life will follow this like peak in 20s, drop down in your 40s and 50s and then come back up in your like 60s and 70s.
It's just saying that, in terms of collective, if we were to put 100000 people in the room and plot their happiness, there would be this general kind of flow or general pattern.
Doesn't mean that you can't be the outlier.
Doesn't mean that people don't shift up and down that scale over the years.
Like, you may have like a really great year at 45 and then you know, at 46 you get fired and the average of that is kind of in the middle.
It doesn't mean that there is a lack of positive emotions in midlife.
I really don't want that to spread like people are still experiencing happiness, despite the model saying that there is a dip.
The dip doesn't go below 50.
So it is like people are still on the up, mostly happy.
But the fact that that's shifting earlier is really showing that the global rate of happiness is kind of diminishing.
I just want to make sure that we put that in there so that no one's sitting here, maybe on the cusp of 30, maybe on the cusp of their late 20s thinking, oh my God wow, I've got to strap in for this part of the rollercoaster.
No, absolutely not.
There is still joy and great stuff waiting for you.
So, with that all being said, I do want to break down some of the other key myths that we might be being sold about happiness, whether deliberately and explicitly, or kind of implicitly.
The first myth being you can be happy all the time or you can only be happy if things are going really really great for you.
Oh my goodness.
If only I'd known how false this was.
It would have saved me a whole lot of confusion and therapy sessions.
Specifically therapy sessions, where I would like sit with my therapist and basically be like please like, give me the secret to eliminating all non-positive emotions.
Like give me the secret to not being sad.
Give me the secret to curing my grief.
Surprise, surprise.
There was no secret.
It's just a part of life.
The idea that we should be in a constant state of bliss is not only unrealistic, as I think we have all learned, it's also deeply unhealthy.
Life is a full spectrum of emotions, and to be truly human I think you realize this, like the older you get is to experience them all.
That's like the whole point.
The modern obsession that we have with like perpetual positivity sets us up for failure.
It also leads to a lack of what psychologists call emo diversity.
And we've talked about this on the podcast before, but let's just revisit it.
So there was this groundbreaking study published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology back in 2014 so over a decade ago now that introduced this concept of emo diversity.
And it drew an analogy from... the environment and from ecology.
Just as biodiversity, we know, is totally crucial for a healthy ecosystem.
Like you need the bugs, you need the dirt, you need the swamps to have the pretty birds and the bees and the flowers.
Emo diversity points to the fact that we need a variety and relative abundance of emotions for psychological health.
Basically, you need the disgust, you need the fear, you need the embarrassment, the sadness to have the amusement, the awe, the hope, the gratitude.
The researchers, which were led by Dr. Jordi Koidbak, found that people who experienced a wide range of both positive and so-called negative emotions...
They were actually less likely to suffer from depression and they were more, or I would say better, equipped to handle life's challenges, which is so counter to, I guess, what I once believed, what a lot of us believe, that is, to be happy, you must experience as much happiness as possible.
You have to load it up.
You have to make it like burst at the seams, like.
This is an equation where the more of one thing, the more happiness you have, the more the output will be a happy one.
That doesn't seem to be the case.
What they found time and time again.
The takeaway is that you need to be in touch with all different sides of of yourself and how you respond to certain hard and great things, in order to feel good.
All of our emotions serve a purpose.
Suppressing them firstly just means that they're going to crop up when you least expect them and don't want to deal with them, And you won't have the skills to deal with them.
But also you will miss out on the fact that sadness and grief is a sign that true love and deep love has been in your life.
You know, anger can motivate you to confront injustice.
Anxiety is like a great warning system for threats or the sign that something in your life needs to change.
Like these are all messengers.
They are all crucial parts of our emo diversity, of our emotional ecosystem.
So when you just chase constant happiness, it might actually lead you to emotional suppression and it might actually make it harder for you to be happy in the long term.
So myth two, which is kind of similar, is when I get this or when I get there or when I get that, I will be happy.
Viewing happiness as a destination.
I think we've all said it before.
Like, OK, I just need to get this promotion and then I'll be super happy.
When I get the boyfriend, the girlfriend, the partner, everything's going to lock into gear for me.
I just need to get past this bad period at work.
I just need to fix this thing.
I just need to achieve that thing.
I just need to master literally everything.
This belief, I'm going to just say it loud and clear, is a trap and it is a common one at that.
Once we get to that point that we have put and we have fantasized about, we put so much of our promise for the future in.
And the goalpost just moves further and moves further and further and further.
And we have this thing that we've so desired, and we've realized that we've placed a lot of our bets on this thing making life better.
Meanwhile, the foundation around it is not there for us to actually be happy.
This concept, it's known as hedonic adaptation.
Basically, we get used to both positive and negative circumstances.
So even if a really great thing happens to you, it still doesn't always feel like it means a lot long term.
And you basically get used to the happiness that initially exists. elicited.
So this concept was first proposed by the psychologist Donald Campbell, Philip Brickman, I think in like the 1970s.
And the basis for this concept was a really famous study on Lottery winners and accident victims two sides of like the spectrum.
And they found that.
You know, whilst the lottery winners experienced this like initial surge in happiness and accident victims experienced a deep drop in their well-being.
Over time, both groups tended to return to their original happiness baseline, that same happiness set point that we mentioned earlier.
Our brains.
They have this remarkable ability to adapt to new circumstances, both good and bad, which is a great thing.
It also means that when terrible things happen, hopefully a lot of people can rebound.
So, whilst achieving a goal might give you a great rush, we do quickly get used to it and we start looking for the next thing to make us happy.
The new car, the new fancy gadget, the new relationship.
Yeah, it feels amazing at first.
The novelty then wears off.
I always use the analogy of getting a new piece of clothing and being like yes finally, my closet is complete.
Do you ever have this feeling where you're like, oh yes finally, I don't need to buy any more clothes.
I have everything I need, everything that I thought the best wardrobe would have.
And then, like you wear it a few times, you get sick of the next piece and you're like, oh my God, I don't have any clothes.
Like I know it's a silly analogy, but that's the same thing that's happening here.
Obviously that doesn't mean like give up on working towards things you want or achieving goals or, you know, giving yourself a sweet treat or like a fun little prize every now and again.
Not at all.
Like.
These are all important contributions, but they are not the foundation and they cannot be happiness's only sustenance.
It's like when you only focus on the external stuff.
It's like trying to build a house by starting with decorations, or starting with the wallpaper or the furniture, when you don't even have the walls yet.
It is a much more internal experience or a daily habit than a one off.
And that's probably counter to what we've been taught.
But it's important that we know that.
Now, I mentioned lottery winners before.
They actually come up quite a bit when people research happiness, as it turns out, especially when people want to answer this question.
Does money make us happier?
Well, I don't know if you already know the answer.
You may or may not, but you may not know all the research behind the answer.
So stay with us.
We're going to talk about that and so much more in just a second.
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Hello, my lovely listeners.
By now you know, the more knowledge we have about ourselves and the way our bodies work, the more empowered and in control we are.
And this is also true when it comes to our sexual health and what to do after unprotected sex.
That's where Plan B comes in.
It's emergency contraception with no age requirement that helps prevent pregnancy before it starts.
And because it works by only temporarily delaying ovulation, it won't impact your ability to get pregnant in the future.
We love a backup plan that puts us in control because the more we know, the more power we have.
Learn more at planb1step.com, users directed.
This is Sophia from OK Storytime.
The wait is over, the next up, live music finals are here.
On September 26th, TikTok Live and iHeartRadio bring you the biggest night in live music streaming directly from the legendary iHeartRadio Theater in LA.
The top 12 artists you've been following will take the spotlight for one career-defining performance, judged by music gurus and industry powerhouses Tom Pullman, Chief Programming Officer at iHeartRadio.
Beata Murphy, Program Director of 1027 Kiss FM.
Justina Valentine from MTV's Wild N' Out.
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The judges will crown the next up live music winner and you have the power to decide who takes home the People's Tour Series.
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Watch it all unfold live on TikTok on September 26th from 7 to 9 p.m.
Pacific time only on the official TikTok handle at TikTok live underscore U.S.
Again, that's at TikTok live underscore U.S.
Together, let's witness the birth of the next music superstar.
What happens when Delta Airlines sends four creators around the world to find out what is the true power of travel?
I think it helps me sort of like get grounded.
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Turn my stress into excitement.
Take that gratitude from those experiences into your daily life.
That's why I connected with Dr Henry Ting, Delta's Chief Health and Wellness Officer, an instrumental voice behind this travel experiment.
Traveling in general is going to give you that social and cultural and psychological and emotional expansion.
Yeah, you know, at Delta, we like to say no one better connects the world.
It's connecting not just people to destinations.
It's connecting people to other people, other cultures and ultimately, experiences that can't really be replicated.
Find out more about how travel can support wellbeing on this special episode of The Psychology of Your 20s, presented by Delta.
Fly and live better.
Listen wherever you get your podcasts.
So we're breaking down some of the myths of happiness, which brings us to one of the most significant, which is myth three money will make me happier.
We've all heard that phrase, like money can't buy you happiness, or money can buy you happiness.
I don't know which way you are hearing it, but which one of those is true?
So what you need to know, if you want to answer this question, is you need to know of a very famous poet.
2010 study done by Nobel Prize winners Daniel Kamen and Angus Deaton from Princeton Princeton University.
I was going to say Columbia, but from Princeton University, which basically they wanted to answer this question.
They wanted to really just like for once and for all investigate this, give us a clear answer.
And what they found was that emotional well-being does tend to rise with income up until a point.
And that point in the year 2010, was 75000 a year in the US, which is about 110000 now when we calculate for inflation.
Beyond that point, more money didn't seem to make a significant difference to people's daily feelings of happiness.
This is because having enough money to meet our basic needs and to live comfortably, without the stress of bills and financial insecurity that initially has a huge, life-changing impact on our well-being.
I was actually listening to the comedian Robbie Hoffman talk about this the other day.
Freaking, I think she is the funniest person alive.
I find her absolutely hilarious, but she grew up really, really poor.
I think she was like one of 10 kids and she like spoke really candidly about how, when she started making money as a comedian and as a writer and as an actress, like that changed her life.
But she was, like you know, I have a lot of.
Now I have a lot of rich friends who have come into even more money and they're like oh yeah, I didn't really experience that.
Like I was always kind of okay and kind of stable and they're like this didn't really change anything to me.
Beyond the basic needs, plus some fun money, some non-essentials, maybe some travel money, cannot alleviate the problems that were already there, especially for people who were already struggling.
A more recent 2018 study actually adds a fascinating nuance to this.
They found that, whilst people with higher incomes tend to experience more positive emotions centered on themselves, like pride or a sense of accomplishment, lower income people are more likely to experience more positive emotions related to others, like love and compassion.
In this paper.
It was published in the journal Emotion.
I don't know about you, that sounds like a much more enriching and sustainable source of happiness.
I know I'm sorry it's going to sound cliche, but what is the point of an accomplishment if you don't have anyone to share it with?
I felt this like when I published my book, right?
Yeah, it was great publishing a book.
And I felt such a sense of pride.
But then I got to do this whole big party with like, my friends and my family and the people who had helped me and done such amazing things to support me whilst I was doing that.
That was like the best day of my life.
Like that was amazing, that I got to you know, do that with them.
And got to like have an open bar and like, shout some drinks and eat cake with them.
And, you know, that was more meaningful than the individual accomplishment of it all.
I will say the thing is, is that money may not buy happiness.
To play devil's advocate.
It does buy convenience, which may actually give you more time to be around the people you value and to do the things that you love, which does contribute overall to happiness.
For example, if you can afford to buy groceries online at that extra cost, meaning you have more time to spend with your kids, you probably will be happier.
Or if you can Uber rather than public transport, meaning you have more time in the morning to slow down or to get to a function early or to like spend time on self-care, you will be happier.
But at some stage it probably also isolates you, which is why I think a lot of rich people are only friends with other rich people.
And like I kind of wonder you know what happened to like the people they were friends with when they had no money or when they were really struggling?
Where did those people kind of go?
It's like when people always wonder I saw this on Instagram the other day like when Dua Lipa goes on vacation with her, like childhood friends, like does she pay Or do they pay?
At some point.
I think money can also become something that puts a brick wall between you and other people.
So if happiness isn't about chasing money, it isn't about chasing constant pleasure, it isn't about chasing external achievements, what can we actually do to cultivate it counter to what everyone's been saying would be able to help us?
So I'm going to give you four practical, of course, psychology backed strategies that go beyond, like journaling and exercise, which we know are important to hopefully like, enrich your life in a seriously deep way.
At least I hope.
So I want to give you two tools for now and two tools for the long term, starting with my first tool, which is to make a happiness blueprint.
So my therapist actually taught me this as a way to savor positive experiences.
When something good happens, you receive a compliment.
You know you watch a really beautiful sunset, you have like a really amazing like Aperol spritz, like you I don't know meet a really cute shelter dog like don't just let it pass.
Pause for a moment.
Like consciously focus on the sensory details and the feelings that this moment evokes.
You can share that experience with someone else.
You can write it down on your notes app.
If you follow me on Instagram, you know I do this thing called a smile file, where every month I take photos of things that make me smile and I just put them into an app on my phone and then sometimes I'll share them.
You can even just like simply replay it in your mind.
This act of savoring helps your brain cement the positive memory and extract maximum joy from that moment.
Research has shown that people who regularly savor positive experiences like the first bite of a dessert, kind of like that, like they report high levels of happiness, lower levels of depression.
From this moment of savoring your mind and your body, then know what it means and what it actually feels like to be happy rather than happiness, just being like this fleeting thing that you don't concentrate on.
This is your happiness blueprint.
In times of stress, when you're upset, when you're fighting with someone, when you're uneasy, you can actually take that moment and cast your mind back And just center in that sensory experience.
You can actually revisit those feelings.
They're more accessible to you.
It's like when you smell a perfume from like that holiday that you went on and like you're immediately brought back there.
Or you like, listen to a song and it brings you back.
Even if you can't physically be in that position where that memory took place, if you have savored it and if you have solidified it in your memory, you can return to that feeling deliberately.
Next, let's focus more on how we can make happiness a shared emotion rather than a solitary practice, by really engaging in active, constructive responding.
So when someone you really care about your friend, your mom, your boyfriend, a colleague you really like shares a piece of good news with you, take a second to think about how you respond.
There is a psychologist her name is Shelley Gable, and she has done all this research on close relationships and she's found four common responses that people will have to good news.
Active constructive, passive constructive, active destructive, and passive destructive.
Most of us, even with good intentions, we fall into the passive constructive category.
Your friend's like, oh my God, I had this really great day at work.
And you're like, oh, that's so cool.
That's great.
And then you, that's it.
And that friend kind of feels a little bit shut down.
In contrast, active constructive is responding like that thing happened to you.
Instead of just saying congrats, you'd be like, that's amazing.
Tell me everything.
What was it like?
What happened?
What did your boss say then?
How should we celebrate?
You know, when you enthusiastically engage with someone else's good news, it creates a really powerful feedback loop of shared positive emotion.
The act of celebration makes the other person feel validated and seen.
That's a total win.
And that in turn amplifies like the joy for you as well.
It's like a process called capitalization, actually.
And the research confirms enthusiastic responses make both people happier.
The way that I think about it is like a tennis ball that gets like faster and faster and faster.
It's like you hit it back and forth between two people.
Like it's like, oh my God the speed.
It's like going up and like everyone's excited and it's magnifying this like experience.
Rather than just like one person hitting it and it like goes really fast for a second and then it just like kind of bounces away and you have to like do that thing where you chase the ball.
If you've ever watched Challengers, there is like one scene well, the scene, the scene of that movie.
That is exactly how I imagine this process of emotional capitalization.
So next are two tips for the longer term.
I'm kind of liking this like this happiness is a shared emotion theme we have going on.
So we're going to keep that going and talk about the benefits of pro-social spending.
We have obviously debunked the myth that money can buy true happiness, but research does suggest that how you spend your money can significantly impact your wellbeing.
There was a series of studies done a couple of years ago by Elizabeth Dunn.
They were published in the journal Science Magazine.
And basically they said that it's not having money that makes you happier.
How you spend it is really like, that's the kicker.
And they introduced this concept of pro-social spending.
Basically, they found that individuals who were randomly assigned to spend a small amount of money on others walked out of that experiment feeling a lot happier than those who, you know, just spent the money on themselves.
This finding has also been replicated across various cultures, across various income levels, across various genders and ages.
It's not about spending tons of money on lavish gifts or giving away all your money to charity.
It's about buying a friend a coffee.
You know shouting around drinks on a Friday, donating to charity, buying like a small trinket for your sister or for your mother because it made you think of them or, You know, leaving just like a little bit of an extra generous tip.
Spending money on others consistently activates the brain's reward centers, producing this like warm glow of giving.
And I think you know what I'm talking about.
Pro-social spending also strengthens our social bonds.
It gives us a sense of identity as a kind and a generous person.
It makes our relationships stronger.
All key ingredients for lasting happiness.
An important caveat here, though.
As much as we love pro-social spending, if you're going to engage in this, please just make sure it's within your means.
If it's going to lead to financial struggle, it's obviously going to have the opposite effect.
And also crucially, don't do it with the thought that you want something in return, because that will actually create a lot of resentment.
This is something my mom has said to me since I was a child.
If you are going to do something nice, the nicest part of that act is not expecting anything in return.
You've got to just do it because you want to and they could never pay you back.
Never do anything in response.
That's fine.
That's fine.
Finally, our final tip for happiness is to cultivate a coherent narrative for your life.
Make a story of your life.
Our brains, love stories and the story we tell ourselves about our happiness and about our resilience and about, you know, the journey of it all is incredibly important.
The practice of like cultivating a narrative.
Essentially it means that we look at our experiences and we intentionally reflect on perhaps, why this is not just a series of random events but And all of this contains meaning and everything, even the hard things, had to happen.
Now, it's not saying that everything happens for a reason.
It's saying that things happen, and then I can apply a reason and I can apply a kind of journey map to those experiences.
A bunch of researchers have looked into this.
A bunch of them have found that when you help or encourage people to see their life as kind of a bit of a story with different chapters, or to see their life containing all the positive and negative things as going somewhere and as having meaning, and all those moments as being important, even if they sucked, they do feel happier and they're able to reframe moments of adversity not as like random tragedies, but as really pivotal turning points that Help them return to a sense of agency and make them feel like they have control.
You give your life a sense of meaning.
You give your life a sense of purpose.
If we're going to return all the way back to that initial model of happiness, the PERMA model.
Those are two really foundational things that I think a lot of us have kind of lost as we've become less religious and less spiritual.
And we've noticed that impact.
We've noticed that when you don't have a sense of meaning or coherence to your life, it all feels kind of random.
It feels harder to feel happy about your circumstances.
So that is my final, final tip.
Ultimately like to wrap the episode up.
It's going to sound so cheesy.
I'm sorry.
Bear with me.
But it's not the destination.
It's the journey.
I'm sorry.
I know it's so cheesy.
And it's also not about having happiness all the time.
It's about savoring it when you do.
And you know, for my 20-something listeners, which is probably all of you, it's okay if these are not your happiest years.
Like I've definitely had some freaking dark times in my 20s, which are well documented on the podcast.
So if you're really struggling at the moment and thinking like this is it, this is the happiness, drop off they all talk about firmly and resoundingly.
That is not the case.
Not at all.
This is a hard period of life because you don't have as many emotional and financial resources that you will hopefully have the older you get and a lot of it will get easier.
You will gain coping skills and a lot of it is again, just part of the story.
It's part of the story of gaining resilience.
It's part of the story of reconnecting with real happiness, and You know that's the thing about happiness.
I can give you all the psychological strategies and tips and research and whatever.
Happiness is just sometimes so freaking random.
And it just like shows up on a Wednesday night and just shows its face and it's like, oh hey, and you just suddenly feel great.
Or like it just randomly shows up on a Saturday evening or a Saturday morning and you didn't do anything differently, you didn't plan for it and it's just there.
So like hold out for those moments, like hold out for those glimmers, right?
Because they do come around and when they do, savour it.
Like I had this amazing day the other day.
And it was just super random, did not set out to have a great day, just happened.
And I was like, my God, I've got to really make sure that I remember this.
And you know it was helpful to like return to it in the kind of weeks that are following and be like yeah oh, my God, I'm excited for another day like that.
And isn't it such a nice surprise?
Like, I'm not sure when it's going to come, but I know it is.
So that's kind of my final message for today's episode.
I really hope that you enjoyed it.
I really hope that it's contributed something to your knowledge and to your sense of meaning in life.
If you have made it this far, leave. a TV show recommendation down below.
Like the happiest TV show that you know that you always watch when you are in a bad mood.
Like if we're talking about intentional...
Tips for happiness.
Anytime I'm unhappy, I always watch Modern Family.
I love that show.
What is your Modern Family?
Maybe it is Modern Family.
What is your show that you think everyone should watch that always brings you joy?
I can't wait to read some of your responses.
I need a new TV show.
I can't rewatch Modern Family for the 10th time.
It's getting a little bit embarrassing.
I'm not like, I'm not like a teenager anymore.
Like I need to move on.
With that in mind, I want to thank our beautiful researcher, Libby Colbert, for her contributions to this episode.
I want to remind you all to follow us on Instagram at That Psychology Podcast, to make sure that you are following along on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, the iHeartRadio app, wherever you are listening, and give us a five-star review only if you feel called to do so.
I appreciate you listening this far and, as always, be kind, be safe, be gentle with yourself and we will talk very, very soon.
Hello, my lovely listeners.
By now you know, the more knowledge we have about ourselves and the way our bodies work, the more empowered and in control we are.
And this is also true when it comes to our sexual health and what to do after unprotected sex.
That's where Plan B comes in.
It's emergency contraception with no age requirement that helps prevent pregnancy before it starts.
And because it works by only temporarily delaying ovulation, it won't impact your ability to get pregnant in the future.
We love a backup plan that puts us in control because the more we know, the more power we have.
Learn more at planb1step.com, users directed.
This is Sophia from OK Storytime.
This is it, the moment we've all been waiting for.
The next up, live music finals, live from the legendary iHeartRadio Theater on September 26th.
12 of the hottest rising artists will step onto the stage with their biggest performance yet, hosted by JoJo on the radio and EJ from 1027 Kiss FM and judged by an all-star panel of music powerhouses.
This is where stars are born.
Watch it all unfold live on TikTok on September 26th from 7 to 9 p.m.
Pacific time only on the official TikTok handle at TikTok live underscore US.
Again, that's at TikTok live underscore US.
Please welcome aboard the Johnson family.
The whole fam's here for the Disney Cruise, so you know we came to play.
And listen, the adults are going to have a ball.
First we're chilling in the infinity pool, onto massages at Senses Spa, then gliding into Star Wars Hyperspace Lounge for a toast.
We're even going to kick back with Mickey on Disney's private island.
That's how we get down, because Disney Cruise Line is where we came to play.
This is Amy Brown from Feeling Things with Amy and Kat.
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