#141 Kunal Shah: Core Human Motivations｜The Knowledge Project

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Today, I'm speaking with Kanal Shah.

This is one of the most fascinating conversations I've ever had.

We talk about the lessons he's learned growing up in a family business and how that helps him today, why he dropped out of an MBA, decision making, the differences between American and Indian culture, including the living room effect, and so, so much more.

While the conversation seems long, the wisdom per word ratio is off the charts.

It's time to listen and learn.

You grew up in a business family, and I'm curious as to what lessons you learned through that.

So, in India, we have a deep -rooted caste system where we had forecasts.

One of the forecast is the business caste, and for multiple generations, everybody in that has only done business, right?

It's called the Vaishya or the Baniya caste, and for this group of people, jobs is an unusual thing.

I think first lesson was they have much lower shame than the other communities.

They have very little self -doubt when it comes to being shameless.

I mean, they are very hard to offend.

They are okay, and even if you mock them, as long as you are giving them business, they're okay with that.

Not many people would be okay with that treatment, right, and makes many business communities not respectable because they are okay to be mocked or have lower dignity or lower status as long as they get the financial upside of it.

So, I think that's where the status and well -driven society's mindset comes in that they are absolutely okay to reduce their status as long as they win the commercial side of the deal.

That's one big lesson.

The second piece is natural understanding of where is the value in everything.

Why would somebody pay for it?

It is almost intuitively taught from childhood.

You just know what are people really paying for, and a natural understanding of which products would have higher gross margins or lower gross margins, right?

It's a very interesting thing that when you grew up in a business family, they just naturally arrive at summarizing what's the value in everything, and it's sometimes very uncomfortable because I remember going to an MBA school early days to speak, and they invited me, and I was only interested in knowing the economics

of the MBA school and understanding how beautiful that business is.

And they find that disturbing, but for a business community, they love to break things down to unit economics almost as if it's like a first, like the small talk is unit economics, which is quite interesting.

The third lesson is a natural need for spotting trends.

So, one of the things that is there, I am part of the Gujarati community, which is the business community of India, and they have this greeting when the two business people meet.

Normally, people say, hey, hello, how are you?

What's up? They have one more thing, which is called which means, hey, what's trending?

What's new? What are the new trends?

And they share that on a more regular basis, which makes them spot new trends and be in businesses that other people would take a long time to enter into because they love the new, new trends because they believe that the value is going to be where they are less likely to have competition, and they're

constantly finding themselves to be at different places.

Gujratis are also the people who have, you will find them in every single country having set up a business because they will keep finding ways to not compete.

So, you will find them in a remotest African country, there'll be a Gujarati family running a business, multiple generations.

You will see them across the planet because they will look for ways to not compete and have a zero sum mindset.

And the last thing is the community benefits.

One of the things I have noticed in Gujarati community is that, just like Jewish community, is that they offer significantly lower interest rate to people in their community because banks are less likely to underwrite, and obviously this is pre -venture capital, to give them loans to say it's okay, try

to make something out of it and try to return the capital when you can but at a very low interest rate, just nominal because they love to see more people be successful.

And the last lesson was constantly having the need to make their community successful by giving them a soft landing if their business fails.

Oh it's okay, come start doing a job, stabilize and start again.

My dad had a startup that failed, so I had to start working since I was 14 or 15.

My first job was a data entry operator which made like 30 dollars a month kind of a salary when I started.

There's always this thing that okay you can start, do the job right now, stabilize the family and then you can start some business.

Like there is no shame that oh you are just helping the family settle down from a financial setback that the family went through, and I have seen within the communities people going all in, getting wiped out, becoming big in one lifetime, again and again and there is less shame attached to failure because oh

it's business and and it's fascinating.

Like I have seen so many stories, like I'll tell you about one particular individual.

His name is Prenchand Roychand, he's the founder of Bombay Stock Exchange and very few people in India know about this guy.

The reason people don't know about this guy because he once upon a time was the richest guy in India.

He still probably holds the Guinness Book of World Record for doing the largest ever trade, single trade adjusted to inflation it's in his Wikipedia, but he lost all his wealth in trying to do a real estate project that bombed.

So there is this guy who comes from nowhere, starts his business below a tree, becomes the wealthiest person and gets wiped out and literally like 100 % of Indians and Indian businessmen have no clue about this guy.

I just researched because there's a huge tower in Bombay which is made like Big Ben and I was like who the hell made this because it doesn't have a British name.

It is Rajabaya Tower.

So I researched and found out that Rajabaya was Prenchand Roychand's mom and he made this clock for her because she could not see for her to hear time.

Look at the flex of the guy that he builds a massive clock in British India with a huge amount of spends by hiring British architects just to flex to the community that I have built a clock because my mom can't see time.

That's crazy. I want to go back to the shame thing for a second here.

The fear of failure prevents us from trying.

Do you feel like we are in a business at a very young age, you get exposed to this because you're going to fail, if you're doing anything, you're going to fail and that's okay and that's part of business and you just keep going and you keep iterating and you keep trying.

Whereas when we become adults and we try something, we don't want to look like an idiot.

We're scared to look like an idiot.

I think a lot of people who have been bullied and shamed and mocked early in life develop an unusual superpower to not give a damn about being mocked anymore.

It's not surprising if one would say that hey Elon, the way you are where you mocked a lot when you were younger because you were not a normal guy and one would even say that you looked like a guy on the spectrum and the guy would probably say yeah, probably true, but he doesn't feel that anymore.

What I noticed is the training of kids.

In India, it's very common that people will say oh if you do not score well, all your friends will make fun of you, all the relatives will make fun of you, everybody is going to look down upon you and they will say shame, shame, right?

And when kids are trained through shaming, it's an effective tool to make them better.

The only problem is that it remains as a long term bug in them that they constantly think about other people's point of view about how they are and they constantly think their social status cannot be taken risk.

But according to me, you cannot develop substance, networks, wealth, experience unless you're constantly willing to risk your reputation.

People who can feel extremely okay to risk up to 30, 40 percent of their reputation, wealth, health are the ones who propel further, but a lot of people don't do that because in their head, they will say I can't even risk one percent of my reputation.

Again, going back to the Gujarati communities, I know so many families go bankrupt all the time because going all in is not scary for them.

In fact, I'll tell you an interesting stat, India has a very large country but the total number of people who have invested in any kind of asset, stock, mutual funds, any of that is around 30 million, 30, 35 million.

I would go to the extent of saying that 80, 85 percent of people who are having more than $200 of investment in any of these assets are people from this community.

That's how risk averse the rest of the society is compared to these guys.

That's fascinating.

I want to go back to something you said earlier too about how business helped you understand what the value of something is and more importantly what people were actually paying for.

Are there any examples that come to mind when you think of that as a child?

I'll talk about three, four businesses that I did as a kid and this is all before I had legal age to do anything at all.

One was I built mixed tapes which are downloaded music from the internet and made mixed tapes for people on a CD and burnt it and gave it to them.

I used somebody else's computer, somebody else's internet because I had no access to any of these things and I would give them take rate but I realized that people love the idea of making something personalized versus buying something from the store which is mixed tape of somebody else.

The idea of gifting, they were okay to pay three to four x more than the normal mixed tape that they would get from the market because this is made by me.

I was very happy with this guy so what I did is I started going to all the music stores and I said I will make the mixed tapes for your clients.

This is my price to you.

You can charge whatever you want and they would make 5x more profit selling my mixed tapes than the music label.

I understand that business was not really legal but as a 15 year old I did not know better.

I had to survive. Then I built another business which was I realized that people put henna to really differentiate themselves in Indian weddings to really look better than I have the better design on my hands.

It's almost like a temporary tattoo that people put and I realized that the biggest need people had was design was not enough, the color of henna had to change.

So I figured out a way to build black henna which I learned from some Arabic culture was possible and sold that in the retail stores under a brand that I made when I was 16 -17 and that sold at 10x more price than the regular henna because it allowed people to differentiate themselves as superior status.

So that's another thing I learned that people love to personalize and put a signature and give more value.

People love to have higher status than others and pay more value and they didn't even care about the price because what I did is I said this is short supply.

So what I did I said that I can only supply you two a day.

It's a complex process to make it.

It wasn't a complex process I just artificially creates scarcity in the market and I had to learn all of this because I could really not make enough because I was having a full -time job and doing other things.

I also started doing some private tuitions for kids to teach multiple subjects whatever people would send and I realized that people loved teaching their kids exotic subjects so I would like teach them excel and I would not know these subjects.

I would ask them what do you really want to learn.

I would learn that previous night and teach them because people loved the idea of having special skills given to their kids which were not available easily in the market.

So they were looking for tuition teacher who would say oh can you teach this particular skill can you teach that particular skill and I would learn that and I realized that I learned the best when I had to teach so I started doing that a lot and it was the fastest way to make money.

It was a negative cack way of learning in life right.

So I think a lot of these concepts made me realize that the Indian society was a lot different and in my career I did a lot of other businesses which were sold to the US and western market an Indian market and I think most western companies do not understand Asian society.

The Maslow's hierarchy of Asian society is completely different to the western society but unfortunately the all the marketing textbooks are made in the west and then they come to the Indian market and they get shocked on what people really pay for in these markets and I think therefore a lot of western

companies struggle to make monetize from these markets.

They can get a lot of DAUs and MAUs from this market but rarely ARPU from this market because they don't understand what people pay for over here.

So I think that was the big lesson I learned.

So one of the biggest shocking thing for me when I during my first trip to the US was I figured that almost everybody's first job paid them an hourly salary.

In India nobody has ever earned an hourly salary in their entire life.

Now there's a dangerous thing that happens because of that.

Nobody understands what's their value per hour.

You ask any Indian if you ever come to India and go to any store any hotel any restaurant ask the guy what's your salary per hour cannot answer that question.

Because of that they take poor decisions with their time and they don't understand the value of time.

So products that sell convenience and save you your time rarely monetize which monetize a lot in the western society because everybody understands the value of hour because their first job was I don't know ten dollars an hour and then now they are doing well in life but they can still do a math on approximate

basis. Now my salary seems to be five hundred dollars an hour and they just get it and therefore they take very interesting decision they will not try to optimize for a fifty dollar discount on their flight tickets when they are making a five hundred dollars because they'll say that's not worth my time

no Indian will ever say it's not worth my time and that's true for many Asian societies because value of time as a concept was never taught.

Efficiency is not a DNA you see in Asia but a flip side I have noticed is that everything that feels soulful in life is inefficient all the vacations that we find very soulful are inefficient places the food that we really really like and find soulful are inefficient to cook right.

So I always find these interesting things that maybe soulfulness is a function of chaos and inefficiency which western society has figured out how to scale and let's compare this to our religion now.

Hinduism is an I would say not as scalable as let's say many of the other religions because it's not standardized there is no one book no ten rules no one god so what do you really scale it's an open source religion which people make and build on some principles and tenets which are constantly evolving

and people are allowed to tweak it on their own terms so it's like evolving very very differently and therefore Hinduism is mostly spread through birth but not through scaling to other societies because it was not designed but it is something that you feel more spiritual about and other things and I

think that's where the nuance comes in that it is impossible to imagine scaling in life without standardizing and standardizing is the enemy of soulfulness.

Do you think standardization is also sort of the opposite of value creation in some ways from a consumer point of view?

I would disagree with that because once you have figured out what is called as PMF you need to scale it by standardizing it to a great extent and that happens all the time.

However, standardized things are easier to disrupt than non -standardized things.

Just a way a standardized religion is easier to disrupt than a non -standardized religion.

One is hard to scale one is hard to destroy.

I like that continuum go deeper on that the hard to scale versus hard to destroy.

So if you think about hard to scale businesses let's say this great restaurant you can't make a chain out of it it's just impossible right because the guy can't teach all the skills to build five chefs, ten chefs right but they are also hard to destroy because if it really works there are so many restaurants

that work for hundreds of years because they have just perfected that but they can't build branches they can't do but but there is a McDonald's which has managed to scale the version right which is very easy to attack and say hey it's unhealthy and guys we need to move away from this and break the whole

concept or the sugary drinks which have scaled so much and we can all agree and say that hey it may not be healthy for you and we need to move away from that but something that is built inefficiently is harder to destroy because what do you destroy and how do you destroy there is nothing to attack there

is no areas of attack that you can really say that okay these are the three points on which we can attack you can't.

So it's slower to take hold and then it's harder to get rid of.

Yep and and I think a lot of things that are non -scalable let's say uh movie making some directors who are really known to make successful movies back to back really don't care about timelines you can't tell I don't know the best directors that oh we need to ship two movies uh every two years they will not do

that right and I'm not saying that the others who ship one movie a year do not create value they do but they will never create something that is memorable and will create an experience that you will never forget so I think that's where I would disagree with the idea of value creation happens in both

but the question is that what do you enjoy and what creates a memorable experience what creates an emotional arousal is rarely through efficient uh methods for example trips to inefficient places will be more memorable than efficient places by design do you think you you get rewarded for creating almost

like an asymmetry to creating an emotional connection versus a different type of value people pay or people give you time or money where their core motivations are mostly met or there is a hope for their motivations to let's take this example of like just imagine this let's say all of us are on some

level of social status in life let's let's say you are at level 90 I'm at level 60 somebody is at level 200 and so on and so forth and let's believe this is true now products and services are also at some levels in life for example I would say Louis Vuitton is at level 160 HBS education is at level

200 and let's imagine these things and let's say fueling your car is at level 30 and so on and so forth by design gross margins exist when you allow human beings to jump their social status and gross margins disappear when you do not help them increase their social status for example I will keep moving

to a utility provider as long as they keep offering me lower price as long as time required and the effort required is the same the department of your brain that deals with that is the cfo of the brain who's only looking for cost cuts but the cmo of your brain is saying that oh my god if I crack HBS

and I will be able to jump the social status and my income will multi -fold and therefore it is okay to spend years time money to get a chance to get into IV league and therefore IV league can keep increasing the gross margin with no trouble because they promise or even if they give you hope let's give

example of Vegas right now Vegas does not assure you that you'll become rich but the hope lottery which is a chance of being level 30 jump into level 200 I'm okay to go all in once in a while especially poor people get sucked into that a lot more because imagine it's like being on a poker table with a smaller

stack the best strategy you feel to be on the table is to go all in all the time so when we went through pandemic I believe that the whole world had this amygdala hijack moment where they said oh my god I have to really survive and I need to take more risky behavior because I think the amygdala probably

flared up during this time and and therefore risky behavior seems to happen right after crisis because people just go all in 90 95 percent of all coins that were traded on all crypto exchanges were not in the top five not even the top 10 because who wants the normal returns I just want a chance to just

play that and therefore I think the world is getting more risky and then obviously there's a huge correction that will happen which will kind of flow in the next stage because like the Spanish flu we went through Spanish flu and in the roaring 20s and the great depression we're going to go through those

cycles faster now because we have fast forwarding everything in fact crisis is a almost like a fast forward button to future and accelerates eventualities because we go through that but coming back to what I was saying is that value therefore is utility and vanity and chance of increasing social status

which is constantly sucking all the gross margins and world is seeing a very interesting pattern all the businesses that are providing utility are losing gross margins to the point of becoming zero because many companies that offer vanity or social status or a chance of dealing with the cmo are making

those businesses almost free because you get a chance to make a cross sell a high gross margin services right if you look at amazon a bulk of their revenues to be marketplace but if you see all the avatars of amazon in different countries the marketplace revenue was made to be zero alibaba chose to

not charge the merchants to sell but they made money on advertising and fintech which are skin in the game businesses but do not charge your rent per se because it was easier to disrupt ebay and amazon in china by saying oh it doesn't you know commissions if you have to sell on our store right and i

think this is where i see a lot of the utility providing businesses getting constantly disrupted by somebody at least in their technology businesses because you don't need any license to provide utility you can just offer it it's not like a electricity company that can keep charging you forever because nobody

can compete with electricity companies for the networks that they provide but internet businesses can simply offer utility for free and google has mastered this many companies have mastered this i believe uh the future of sas companies is going to be that where the next sas company will just say oh

just use our tool for free but by the way we'll charge you and cross sell you some lending some loan some technology some some value -added services uh which could disrupt a lot of utility creating businesses by design so i think cost to provide utility is dropping and therefore the revenue expectation from that is dropping

and we're going through a very interesting cycle of how business models will evolve and they all will have to be more skin in the game in nature uh versus rent seeking that they used to be because nobody could easily compete because the world is getting more and more like apis uh and and and businesses

when they become apis it's much easier to plug them into larger ecosystems shane one of the interesting things i always wonder about is that uh it's very easy to find super apps in asia but rarely you find super apps in uh western societies but it's also true for superstars and and super companies and conglomerates

so every low trust society which is usually non -western society a lot of them are low trust there is always concentration of trust every low trust society will have concentration of trust and when that high trust entity launches 25 things people just use it for example in india tata group is this concentration of trust

and they can launch a car to a refrigerator to salt to furniture and people like oh tata group will just buy it uh i would say 80 85 percent of bollywood revenue comes from like 10 15 people again concentration of trust and and therefore by the way we even watch the kids movie so nepotism is very rampant

in india because you're like oh is this guy's son i trust him to do a good job but i'm not risking my money on this new actor uh and therefore super apps also emerge a lot more over here i'm like oh cred is offering this oh they're launching this new service boom start using it and and but you might be

doing completely different business in the past but people just say oh i know these guys the familiarity creates huge amount of trust over here and therefore you see concentration of market caps in fewer and fewer companies and therefore i believe pareto might be extremely skewed in asia versus west

and nobody has obviously studied that i would love to find a research which shows this but i do believe that market cap of top companies would be different than uh what you will observe uh at least in each category like tech may be an exception but any other every other category you'll see huge concentration uh

revenue from the bollywood industry revenue from uh anything else it just becomes more and more and more concentrated and i think that is the reason i think increasing trust in a society and i've been obviously uh obsessed with what creates trust for example the most simplest answer i have found is trust

is natural in societies that have very low diversity of ethnicity and that is a scary thought because all sorts of bad behavior have happened in human history because we tried to attack the minority and and always try to uh make society one uh but it's unfortunately seems to be true that trust is biological

and and we seem to trust people with common belief systems and and and ethnicity plays a huge role so you'll notice an interesting pattern that i think there's a study by some stanford professor which showed that uh almost an opposite connection or correlation to number of ethnicities and high trust

of a society it's not surprising that any most societies are not multi -ethnic as they're becoming more multi -ethnic the trust is declining and you see emergence of authoritarian leaders to be much more frequent uh because all low -trust societies always want somebody who with strong backbone to create

peace and that's also the concentration of trust point which which seeps in from that which which is constantly repeating itself in many many themes we trust people who are like ourselves and so the more diverse society is the fewer people that are like us the more low trust we are in general that's

is that a good summary of sort of paraphrasing of what you said i mean i think it's a good summary and there's one more nuance if it becomes too similar innovation dies if it becomes too dissimilar trust dies so it seems to be in an interesting spectrum that you can only have a certain mix that keeps

driving things to move forward versus become stagnant and boring and too chaotic i think there is this healthy mix that needs to keep happening and i don't know what the number is but it sounds like a scary concept because you're trying to say that hey you have to cleanse a society to reorganize itself

to have 80 20 on ethnicities which is a problematic concept to start with and then one of the interesting things that you said there is sort of in low -trust societies you sort of have these big companies that get this this almost like trust grant right so i can i can create products in adjacent marketplaces

that people will just naturally trust on their own because they don't know who to trust or what to trust but if like facebook were to make a car people would be pretty skeptical the trust of of the platform would not necessarily carry over yeah and it's such a fascinating concept in india because it

just works and and and my company i've seen that and and we are in a fin tech business we launched an e -commerce platform and it just becomes so big in a month's time much to most people's surprise including our investors who are mostly from the adjacent market they're like focus focus is almost a curse

in asian markets i'll go deeper on that the market is not deep enough to focus on one market and create a large company the per capita income the total economy and all of that so you have to do cross sell more things to the same set of customers uh i'll give you some interesting stats about india which should be

mostly not known by most people are outside india less than six percent of urban indian women have financial income of their own 94 of them are currently taking care of kids or taking care of the family and not contributing to the labor force but they're all educated they are probably undergrad or grads

or or even higher but not contributing to the labor force another interesting thing is 95 of all financial products in india are bought by men credit cards car loans home loans all investments india has now nearly two thousand dollars per capita income uh annually but if you remove the top 30 million families

or 30 million individuals the per capita income would drop to maybe 600 and therefore a lot of western markets love to come to india and say oh india is the next china it's not because our per capita income is never going to beat and grow like china because before china started becoming affluent 96

percent of chinese urban women were working because of the one child policy which forced it to become a general neutral society and and got them all on the labor force uh which never happened in india internet is going down that's a scary trend across the region india has the lowest female participation of labor now

the per capita income is not going to grow and therefore a lot of foreign companies love to come to india because india is the dau farm of the world all the big internet giants will say oh i have 500 million billion users in india let's look at the arpoo and peel the arpoo it'll be less than a dollar

or two uh but it's great like for example uh uh uh if you got a lot of indian followers on twitter uh your twitter account follower account will go like crazy your monetization question might go down and i think many companies like snapchat twitter have worked very hard to grow user base in india facebook

is a classic example youtube my bet would be that it would be probably making less than two dollars arpoo annually in india uh with probably more than 500 600 million active users in india alone but they don't mind that because the global arpoo compensates for the arpoo mix but the user mix cannot come

from anywhere else and therefore the market will reward like netflix made the mistake of coming to india and say we'll charge you for it nobody is going to pay that and therefore the projections did not meet because india is a country where you give them freebies and and you get all your dius you want

you do not get your arpoo and i think that's the lesson they learned and i think they are saying now we launch market with advertising india is perfect for that because value of time is not a concept for us so we'll watch in india when a series plays on tv of 30 minutes approximately nine minutes as

ads oh my god by the way it used to be more the government regulated and made in nine minutes so if people aren't paid hourly how are they how are they compensated how does that work so we have a concept of monthly salary we're not even paid weekly so we have paid every month and everybody thinks in month

right it's a flawed concept because they never solve or think about being efficient in life unless you know your salary an hourly basis you will never really know what the value of time is one fascinating thing i've seen in india is that you fly in the u .s and many people are reading books or doing

something else in india nobody's really reading books and many of them i've seen a very peculiar behavior in india is they are going to whatsapp and deleting old pictures so that they can clear up the memory instead of buying a one dollar pack it'll give them a cloud access like that's the value of time

and these are but the most affluent people in india fly so there is no way they can spend two hours deleting pictures on whatsapp but they do because the value of time is not understood intuitively and i've seen this all the time in people around me people who are multi -millionaires will work so hard

to save $50 it's not even funny just like my parents they'll drive 45 minutes to save two cents a liter on gasoline yeah but they never worked in a society they did not grow up in a society where value of time was a concept right so i think it's a more phenomena coming from those world and western society

like oh we have to be efficient industrialization value for our productivity uh if i ask 10 people in india what productivity means i don't think i'll get a good answer but then then if you try to sell something based on sort of saving people time it's not going to resonate because you have to not only

convince them that this worth doing you're really trying to change something that's inherent in the culture right now which i would imagine is slowly changing as wealth becomes more i it's not uh it's funny you're saying that but uh india is after the u .s baby in the top three markets of sas providers

sas business software providers right on revenue but none of them have any revenue from the local market because no no business pays for software they don't they're like oh i'm just gonna hire three more people and they'll just work because they don't understand the software could make them so much

more efficient and and i i wouldn't be able to find one company that makes more than 10 dollars and 10 million dollars annual revenue by selling software to indian businesses that's crazy which is scary if you think about it how large our economy is and and how many businesses we have and and how internet

savvy we are we are probably uh uh most savvy in using smartphones and digital payments uh in fact one of the things that is talked about is india's digital payments have over taken china and we have like taken off most people don't tell you that it took off after government made it free right money

transfer is instant but nobody makes any money that's when it took off when we had charged one percent two percent mdr for do that it never took off so the thing is that this value of time understanding credit value of time and uh this math of thinking of of time energy money in one equation is extremely

hard you're on your second big startup now how do we get here walk me through your first and what you're doing right now and then we'll pick up where we left off here so my first startup i built from 2010 to 2015 uh probably the largest exit at that point of time in india and that startup did the following

it allowed people to recharge their mobile phones uh in india 99 percent of connections are pre -paid which means they are not on any plan people refuel their is again a low -trust society nobody giving credit to each other so people just top up money and use it and then top up again but none of that was top

up was done online so i built that platform but what i did is i allowed people to get some vouchers of retailers for recharging on our platform was called free charge and it took off in a very big way because again value of time or i'm getting some incentive people actually chose our platform versus

going to somewhere else and because it was more efficient people just shifted in that direction what i realized that i was going for the mass market through that but it was impossible to monetize they just did not have any money so after i exited the first company i spent a bunch of time i was uh advising

multiple companies joining the advisory board or board so one of them is a media company uh one of them was sequoia capital i spent a bunch of time understanding investments and i was also angel investing in left right and center i was probably i'm probably an angel investor in maybe 200 plus companies

now in india what i learned was that everybody was building these businesses by copying western models free charge was one of the few original ideas the reason i built an original company because i had no engineering background i had no friends who had built tech startups in fact i didn't even think

i was building a tech startup i thought i was building a marketing company which turned out to be a one of the largest payments company in india because i had never read tech crunch in my life in fact when sequoia reached out to me i'm like who are these guys why i think i'm wasting my time i had no clue

who they were i ignored their emails for months till somebody told me hey they are really big deal you need to check them out i'm like okay i went there and and i remember they're asking them so kunal what's your cack and i had no clue what that word meant and i think it's a superpower i think vocabulary

is a unique curse that we suffer every word we know if you don't know these words we'll probably not suffer them and i think uh uh what i learned from that experience was that you need to focus on the right market because you can be the greatest founder if you meet the bad market you will die but if you

find a market that has huge tailwinds to it even a mediocre founder will do really really well right so i think market is like laws of physics and i saw a very interesting pattern in india was that a lot of smart people were building great companies that wouldn't go nowhere and and i saw some people

who are not so smart would do really really well consistently and serial entrepreneurs right and i found that as an interesting pattern that i i refer to the analogy that i see a lot of dam builders with no idea where rivers exist so i see them building dams in hope that river will show up but river

never shows up river exists every time they discover that hey river is not coming to my dam instead of moving the dam to river they make the dams even more funkier and cooler and with ai and all of that stuff but the water never comes and i saw that some people were natural at finding where the rivers

of motivation were flowing and even the mediocre dams were making profits over there versus these fancy dams which nobody ever used that's a very sort of like western idea right build it and they will come yeah it never happens i think and and it's a great idea to build in western markets where there

are so many rivers and there is such a big economic that even some accidental river flowing through you will make a lot of money in india there are no accidental it's like you're building in desert right so you have to make sure you have a desert like you have to really build the rivers the right dam

to the right place because there is no unlimited rivers flowing nobody was thinking about human motivation because all of our education system in india was not teaching humanities i accidentally learned humanities because of philosophy but every single tech founder india has 100 unicorns i would go

on to say that i am the only founder in the 100 unicorns which has a humanities background everybody else is stem and another thing in india is that we never had dating culture so we never learned human motivation through the game of dating as well so we have extraordinary builders but we don't know

what to build for and therefore how many indian products are used in the west right now very few but how many products are built in india which are used in the us made by us product managers maybe hundreds and hundreds of thousands of them how many co -founders of many unicorns in the us are indians

probably a lot of them and this is where i found this to be thinking indians were very good at cracking an exam that existed versus creating an exam that does not exist like everybody knows indian spends a lot on weddings like it's a known thing people love to go to the indian weddings and they they

keep hearing this i'll give you an interesting data point like i checked in my office most people spent close to six times their annual salary for their wedding wow but zero unicorn startups solving wedding problems but that's the scary thing about the market i met a founder who runs us a luggage company

a suitcases they built around the public listed companies and they wanted me to join their board and i'm like okay i'm happy to meet but i'm not joining a traditional business board but i'm happy to have a conversation and and i was just giving them some suggestion they should do something branding

on the airport and they're like kunal what are you talking about i'm like yeah you're a suitcase company you should be at the airports like what am i not saying correct over here he's like kunal eighty to eighty three percent of all suitcases in india are bought for weddings the bride takes new suitcases

and goes to the new family there are 4 .4 million weddings that happen every year and on an average close to three to four suitcases move with her to the new house i have no clue about these things i met another founder who's building a interesting biohacking kind of a startup and there's a non -treatment

uh which improves the uh mitochondria growth rate in your thing it's a expensive treatment which is done usually for cancer patients or somebody with diabetic situation or whatever and this guy goes there that i want to try this for bio biohacking and the guy's like oh you're here for cancer he says

no are you here for diabetes i said no the third question was are you here for because it's your wedding and he's like why is wedding important over here because that treatment makes your skin lighter for six months so a lot of people are doing that treatment which is so expensive usually done by cancer

patient or severe diabetic patients to improve their skin tone for their wedding and that is the fascinating thing about india that so much of the economy is running through that because in india we are saving every penny all the time but we'll splurge on weddings we'll splurge on medical events we'll

splurge on uh education of our kids every indian family right now who have just got new kids are going to spend probably 100 to 200 times more than what their parents spent for their education because that's what we spend money on the consumption is just not there so i think when you study these patterns

what i realized that these patterns were not understood by indian founders they were just building western copies and therefore at one point of time i saw there were 10 startups that were funded for doing laundry startups which were popular in new york but in india we had maids coming at home why do

we need a laundry startup but there were 10 companies that got funded so there were so many investors who were clueless so many founders who were living in india who are clueless so during that period i started working on a framework i call it the delta four framework on predicting startup success because my

curiosity was that how am i able to be successful more often when i'm not even one tenth the academic smarts that some of these guys have demonstrated in the past but why am i able to do it more successfully so i built a framework and and because i was between two startups i had a time to read up on physics

and biology and evolutionary biology and trust so i was going all over the place obviously i was on your blog and like i'm connecting all these dots in my head and i found that the evolution of startups was very similar to biological evolution and nobody was thinking like that so i'll give you a sneak

preview of that that framework it's easier to understand but i'll tell you for example if i asked you in that uh which product or service was more efficient 20 years ago than it is today if you are if i've asked you this question which product or service was more efficient 20 years ago than it is today

it's really impossible to find an answer all the efficiency exists in the future so humans are constantly moving from inefficiency to efficiency in one direction and like almost like arrow of time uh and and therefore any product or service that changes you from state a which is inefficient to state

b should unlock something that is called as wealth uh so i built a simple framework which is sounds simple but most people still don't use it is let's say i asked you that what do you think is the efficiency score of booking a cap through uber on 10 or versus the old method that existed of booking caps

whatever that method was most people would say maybe this is seven eight on 10 that is maybe two on 10 one on 10 three on 10 so the framework was very simple that every time the delta of efficiency score is greater than equal to four three things happen it's an irreversible behavior once you experience

a delta for product or service you cannot go back uh there is obviously very very high tolerance uh that's the second thing that you will hate uber but you're not gonna like damn it i'm gonna delete this happen i'm gonna move to a more inefficient behavior the third thing is which i call as a UBP uh

unique brag -worthy proposition humans when they discover something delta four they can't stop bragging about it everywhere almost like a secret quote all humans have with each other that every time you discover delta four brag about it and tell everybody about it and move the entire humanity from state

a to state b which is more efficient which reduces their local entropy uh and and moves them forward to a more efficient medium which burns less energy uh than in any form time money or wealth uh to move forward to more efficient methods and i realized that most startups were not looking at this i'll

give you a simple framework to think where it doesn't work uh let's talk about buying shirts online versus offline it's not delta four if you have like let's say odd sizes or and you have the challenge and therefore shirts have not moved completely online because just by adding tech it doesn't become

delta four right it has to improve the efficiency score of the desired behavior and i think that framework uh i i talked about in india funny enough i i was told by sekoia in the u .s they've actually introduced this framework in the onboarding of analyst in the seeker us team which was interesting because in india even

if i spoken about this framework still startups don't apply that and i see 90 of them fail all the time back to the analogy of building a dam where rivers don't exist and and rivers are nothing but motivations right like at the core of it we all all humans have the same core motivations and then it

goes into streams and creates more rivers from that stream constantly right but at the core of it it's the same thing you want to increase your social status you want to improve your mating success you want to have success for your progeny and so on and so forth it all boils down to the same motivation things

and then you can put them into so many different rivers that flow so when i started building my second company i realized how to make things more successful also look at more high motivation categories and so on and so forth i had the luxury to take the continent better and say that i told my investor i'm

building a startup that will only focus on the top 25 million customers of india because only they can value time or will buy and rather focus on them versus acquiring hundreds of millions of customers which cannot be monetized because they can barely have money to even eat right now we are a poor nation and it's

a controversial idea because india is always this country which sold this dream of hundreds of millions of customers like china but nothing between india and china is common except our population that's where the similarity ends but global companies love to win india because they lost on china so public

markets will bash them if they lose india again so a lot of them are in india to win the holy war but the market is not big enough i would say the total gmv that amazon would make in india would easily be done by a small european nation after being here for like maybe seven eight years that they have spent

over here because the people who can spend just do not exist and i think that was the genesis of focusing on startup to build for the top more thing and what we said is that we'll focus on those customers because nobody's really building for them because everybody's building for this lowest common denominator that does

not exist and i will focus on this customers and we said that we will focus on more trustworthy individuals to increase the trust of the system we said that for these group of people i'll give you a small example india even if you are in the top 0 .01 of affluence your passport is ranked maybe 150 in the world

and therefore every country is extremely hard for you to get a visa to because there is no way for you to differentiate yourself which is very similar to a lot of stuff that is done digitally in india for any service you encounter and we said we will make their life better by allowing them to have an identity

that at least makes their life slightly more frictionless now this sounds like a controversial idea that hey you're trying to kill a society which is like more uh friction but the thing is that that's what capitalism is i'll give you a small example india has this unique concept called as mrp i don't

know if you know about this but i said this bottle over here it says that maximum retail price of this bottle is 10 rupees and even if it's sold in extremely affluent neighborhood or the most poor neighborhood the price is 10 rupees because the government thought this is the greatest idea ever that we'll

have the same price for everybody but i could easily pay 30 rupees for that and somebody else could pay five rupees for that and increase the market overall but we enforce an artificial concept of mrp which is stopping the the core tenets of free market and capitalism to grow and it's a very unique

thing about india where you come with these things that oh i'm going to have this the 7 -eleven will charge 30 rupees and this one will charge five rupees and the costco will charge this guess what all of them have to charge the same price and i think i realized that the only way you can differentiate

is by service and all of that is just create a separate layer to build for them and and that was the genesis of the second startup the reason i also did a startup is also because i realized that i while i was doing well as an investor and i'm still doing decently well in my investments as a part -time

gig i love building way too much uh and and i think uh i have been working since i was 14 15 i do not know how to live a non -intense life uh while i can predict patterns and see things and i could technically generate better roi of my time through investing but uh the joy i unlock by building is coming

much higher by building my own companies versus just being predicting and being right a lot uh in predicting future trends which can generate the highest roi of time uh it doesn't generate any joy so i i found no joy in investing uh it's just like oh i told you so i was right and i was right and and guess

what it gets boring because you're right in the market like this when you can predict delta 4 frameworks and you can apply all the human insights you've learned it's not a big deal that you for you to be more right the problem is i felt really empty i i want to go back to some of those human frameworks

in delta 4 when you're making an investment decision what are the top lenses that you're thinking that through so one was sort of the delta 4 framework which we talked about well what are the human frameworks that you're you're thinking about that what are the lenses that add the most value to your

sort of filtering system yeah i mean it was more of a motivational uh lens uh but uh applying human motivation as a core loop but there are other things that make it easy to detect start -up success for example uh a lot of founders who pitch to me are usually well prepared and make a presentation and come

to me and so i tell them that hey i don't understand english very well can you explain this to me in hindi what does it do founders who really get what they're doing can switch language without a problem because they really get it and language doesn't change anything for them many people who have just

prepared their presentation and not really understand this very clearly they struggle with the language change and their their pitch goes for a toss so hold on one way to i just want to add a p -vac on this because like one way that you can do this without switching languages is switch level of the conversation so often

people prepare at one level and it's like oh can you go deeper or can you go higher level and keep that in context which is sort of like the same idea and i've seen that people are really good you change language you change medium you tell them you i don't want to read your presentation they'll still

be okay uh some people tell them i can't i'm gonna look at your ppt and they'll be like how do i explain this to you uh the other framework that has worked for me is uh i tell them i don't understand anything what you're saying imagine i'm a user of this product and i have to tell a friend over dinner

to try this what do i say only rule i cannot use any jargon because i don't speak to my friends in jargon so tell me what do i say and i tell them to take ten minutes break before telling me the answer i would say 90 percent of founders fail at this because they can't really distill it to that simple

transmissible message from a friend to friend if you cannot distill your idea to a transmissible conversation at dinner it's not going to spread and things that don't spread will have a huge cack because nobody really understands what the hell are you doing that's one framework that has worked the other

one is uh asking them what is the real motivation people will use it a lot of times the real motivation is different than what people say is the real motivation for example buying expensive headphones they are not really to make you hear better you want to signal to the world that you are affluent and you

have good status and good taste most founders cannot distill that that is the real reason people will buy it they'll keep going to the functional utility and not the emotional benefit of the product and that's another framework i've seen that good founders always know functional and the emotional benefit

of their product or service market sizing most founders cannot imagine how will they start from here and go on to build a very large thing from here they they get stuck in uh this is what i do but they can't imagine how will this become a large company ever they just don't think they don't even think

they don't even they cancel their own idea and i've seen the opposite type which is i call the swiss knife problem they believe that they have to build a swiss knife when the consumer only is looking for a knife uh because they love building so a lot of them are usually with engineering background they

love the builds they write so much software that consumers are confused when they talk to them because uh they don't have a foot in the door strategy that okay let me sell a knife and then eventually become a swiss knife in their life they start with the idea of swiss knife and you're like hold on i

can't even process what you guys are doing and swiss knife becomes cool nobody uses it like everybody seems to have a swiss knife never being used uh so i think that's another pattern i've seen uh i've never really thought about this from a human framework problem but uh another thing is that why would somebody

pay for this and and it's surprising how most people do not understand that nobody's gonna pay for that like like will your dad pay for this will your mom pay for this will your cfo pay for this will your kid pay for this like they are just off on that uh the last one is uh do they have an insight that is not obvious

but when you see them talk about you you're like uh -huh that makes sense can you go deeper on that the smallest unit of insight that's actionable smaller unit of truth that is actionable truth truth that's actionable yeah go deeper on that for a second if you go to ancient hindu mythology and you study

the Sanskrit scripts and Sanskrit was a very condensed language right because it was invented before paper was invented so knowledge was transmitted from human to human through memory so they had to distill the wisdom in the smallest unit possible that could be memorized and transmitted from human to

human and in the earliest scriptures were also tight like you'll you'll read in sanskrit yoga line and like in one line they'll condense like really a lot of wisdom in it so i think the concept of boiling something to the core units of it then you cannot divide it further becomes a powerful unit that is also the building

blocks or what we call as first principles that can help build businesses right and i think a lot of times uh then it's a painful process seeking truth is painful uh you've been doing this for a while like how many more blocks will it take to get close to the truth you will probably not find it but the joy

of seeking truth for the sake of it uh is not natural and therefore a lot of people do not appreciate it enough but insights become this nice building block through which you can create great businesses unlock great success uh because that is something that is not commonly available everybody seems

to be seeing some pattern but you see something else for example i had this view that oh India cares about status so much more than the western society let me do one thought experiment i reached out to my friend who used to be a buyer of a top retail chain in India i asked her to check can you check

if the gross margin on all products sold for living room is lot more than the gross margin of all products sold for the bedroom and nobody had ever analyzed data like that in retail ever because it's like kitchen and sofa and furniture and all of that nobody thought living room and bedroom has two separate

concepts but i said can you please make somebody crunch it and turns out the gross margin was 3x more the reason is in a society we care more about showing to others so all the products which are showing demonstrating status of put in the living room our bedrooms are terrible in India because nobody

comes to them and therefore it was not surprising that bed sheets were not bought expensive in India and bathroom products did not sell a lot we don't have a lot of bathtubs in India because it's not about me it's about showing social status to others who come to my living room and therefore you apply

that insight now and i told this insight to a home renovation company i told them don't keep saying home renovation launch a product line which is living room renovation and today 70 -80 % of that revenue for them is living room renovation because that's the insight and that's the motivation button that you

can press in people well well i think in the in the western world it's about treating yourself it's about you're worth it it's about we still have the status thing individualism versus collectivism which is how Asian societies are and therefore you don't deserve things to be special but you have to

show it and therefore weddings are really big and very high gross margin it's for others so let's go back to the the we talked about this a little bit earlier but i want to go into more detail on you mentioned some of the core human motivations that transcend culture the core human game is to constantly

improve our social status so that we improve our mating success or our success of our progeny the easiest way to answer this question is that if we could really create designer babies would people spend most of their income on that or not and and let's not go into the ethical debate of is designer babies

a good thing or not if it was possible that you can tweak their iq their looks their health their chances of uh terminal diseases to be lower and all of that or let me put it this way let's say i could really invent a pill that could make you younger or healthier wouldn't you give me 50 % of your net

worth and i think that's where the core motivations are like what would you give half of your net worth for those are the core human motivations and they don't change from society to society they remain the same they manifest differently for example the Asian societies unlock that oh education is everything

so they they're disproportionately optimized for that but they don't they save pennies like you said like your parents talked about traveling miles for saving cents maybe they were also the parents would be okay to spend more on your education and if you told them i'm gonna cost it's gonna cost 2x more

they would probably suffer and give you that money but they would not buy an extra shirt for themselves those are the interesting motivations so in Asian societies we treat our kids like assets so we are making investments on them because a lot of times we expect the kids to take care of our family

so i don't know if you know about but India is the largest market which sends money back to India amongst all markets that does remittance Indians remit the highest amount of money back to their family then it comes to Mexico and others and that's the sign that the kids were raised as assets you invested

in them in hopes that when you make it back big you will give it back to the family and take care of us in our later life so kids in these societies are treated like assets versus oh you're on your own now that is not in our culture because they will tell you that i invested so much money in hopes that you

will take care of me later on so there's a whole societal structure or social contract that exists in Asian societies of taking care of parents and taking care of them even after you don't have any obligation to do that but people do it till they die and really take care of them Asians will not even

flinch one bit to sometimes even wipe out 50 % or 100 % of the network to take care of their parents which is hard to imagine concept for many people in the West yeah i think that is you mentioned Maslow's hierarchy of needs was different can you elaborate on that a little bit between the US and in India yeah

so i actually googled i found there's an i thought there should be any separation Maslow but in fact there is a concept somebody's proposed in Asian Maslow and they have drawn a very different chart but one of the interesting thing about the chart was it's all about status belonging respect and in the community

it's not about self actualization and having that kind of a individual path to enlightenment is all about affiliation respect status and that and therefore you see that a lot in India that people are constantly craving status and appreciate that a lot more and and in these societies have like so many

awards and so many of these things and face matters a lot and giving back and like being valued in the community and so on and so forth you will not see and therefore like a funny story like i have a two -wheeler scooter that i move around with and people with some affluence doing this kind of behavior are mostly

considered to be weird or eccentric i don't see any joy in having fancy things i just managed to get a car for myself for long distances but i still use my scooter all the time and for most people this is absurd because i am not following the Asian Maslow that you have to get a luxury car and you can get

so many more cars and why aren't you having this fancy a house for yourself and why are you staying in a rented apartment like it's just absurd to the point that they want to believe that maybe i'm not really affluent these choices just don't make sense to them right so and i'm not saying that the west

does these differently but it is a lot more for the people it's a lot more living room than bedroom even in the affluent households right and i think therefore you see extraordinary effort and money spent on weddings it doesn't make sense that you i don't know spend 5x or 10x of your annual salary on two

days event and just splurge around people who you mostly don't even know and therefore like it's not surprising when you go to weddings there are thousands of people who come for a wedding how can you know them but it's all about demonstrating to them that i've made it in life and that's the Asian Maslow

therefore the startups the rivers are different uh versus the rivers that exist and therefore very few SaaS companies making millions of dollars of revenue but there are enough wedding photographers i know who make more than 10 million dollars of revenue oh wow i want to switch gears a little bit to

some of the stuff that you've said over the years and i want to get more of an elongated take on it they're concentrated doses of insight and i'm wondering maybe if you can just riff on them a little bit so one of the things that you've said recently is that your group of your group of friends impacts

how fast you can pound so insights are usually connected from random dots getting connected right so but the process of collecting dots has to be efficient for the process of connecting dots to be more efficient and and then collecting dots is easier if your friends are also collecting dots to connect

dots so what happens is that compounding naturally works better when you have a lot of people from different domains of life who are constantly collecting dots for example i spend a lot of time with a lot of different people from different fields to see how these words connect for example i will sometimes

speak to an influencer to a stand -up comedian to a music director or to an entrepreneur in a completely different space because at when you distill insight things connect on the surface level they look like very very different businesses right for example i can't tell you how similar education and gambling

businesses are at the crux of it and and why people do what they do and why the gross margins seem to be high when why luxury goods businesses is similar to education businesses because the crux of it the principles are remaining the same and only when you ask and go deeper into some of these things

they connect i've seen a pattern uh uh where people from these industries don't talk to each other usually the luxury guys are talking to other luxury guys and other luxury guys like look at i mean the reason i'm envious of you because you have like made the most efficient machine of connecting dots

like you are talking to people from such diverse backgrounds and the amount of things that are connecting in your head from different things is like something i really envy and i when you ping me i said shane i wish i had what you do in life i'm so envious of you because what you're able to do is get

such and and i've seen that things connect when you go really deep or you go really wide and and things just then start connecting with each other right uh and therefore one of the things that i do a lot is uh constantly look for origin stories of why certain things exist i was curious about shampoo

as a product i'm like how the hell came up with this name and and then i found that the origin story of shampoo is an indian trader who went to europe to sell a shikakai which is a different product in india and sold it as a chumpy chumpy is like head massage which creates foam and that was called shampoo

by european guys and it became the product uh and no indian who uses shampoo knows that the word shampoo comes from chumpy which we use as a word for head massage and then i see these things and i'm like when you go to origin stories of many many things there are so many first principles that connect

and then you say oh indian traders used to make these kind of trips and all of that for example i was studying i'm like let's study all the history so Premtain Roytain was a rich guy i was like okay who are the other rich people of india and i found this guy called as david sassan who was an avgan trader

who made it big in bombay and i'm like how did he make it big then i found out that he was the largest opium trader for the region and british made the entire rail network to support his opium business which grew opium across the world india and shipped it through bombay to guess where china and david

sassan had a huge role to play in the opium war that happened where british attacked china because they stopped david's supply to go to china because of banning opium and hong kong was born out of the settlement of opium war and many of the banks that we know today from hong kong are actually the banks

made by the opium traders and i'm like blown away by all of these things because nobody has any interest in going to the history and origin story visa except things to be that way but when you go to the first principle origin stories building blocks things connect and they they just see you see patterns

again and again repeating for example the boston tea party in the u .s which triggered the civil war of or whatever was not just tea they were also taxing uh tobacco they were also taxing stamp papers and and you like realize that how it was a beautiful model of inventing stamp paper which is justice

api that if you use my stamp paper i will give you justice which is a great scalable way for governing people when you say that i will only be helping you in courts if you signed on my stamp paper or paid my stamp duty to give you justice so i think i find these things super fascinating and i and i

am i sometimes i believe that i do businesses only to hunt more insights in life uh looks like my core purpose of life is to hunt insights and sometimes i have to build things to find insights sometimes i have to talk to people and find insights sometimes i read people and find insights but i i i am

i can do this uh all day long non -stop and i am constantly trying to meet people i write to professors all the time i will uh write to authors all the time to get uh uh uh them to respond to me on some hypotheses i have or some question that i have i think being shameless is most important ingredient

in ability to connect dots go deeper on the shameless people make more conjectures without any fear of judgment so what i do on my twitter hypothetically is that i will make a conjecture randomly and write as if it's some law of physics and people bash me and correct me and sharpen my insight or connect

even further dots for me and then i'm like wow i have a new insight on top of that because i just put a conjecture out there without giving a damn of people thinking that how the hell can he say like this how can he for example i put a conjecture out during covet that maybe the new variants are lighter

in weight therefore they can spread faster but they are less fatal because viruses seem to have a correlation of weight uh with how potent they can be like for example hiv is a much heavier virus than common cold and therefore it spreads through blood transfusion or sexual transmission but it is more

potent versus common cold which can spread through air and i just put that conjecture out there and people just bash me saying that you are making a medical statement whatever whatever but i realize that actually this is damn good this applies to startups that spread faster are usually have a very light

trojan that spreads versus a very heavy thing and therefore you're if you really want to be a high distribution startup you have to build which is very light spreads like a virus and therefore the word viral is born from virus which talks about how a light content therefore tick tock becoming what it

is is because it's the lightest possible virus that you can create that spreads like a wildfire so i don't fear judgment of like how are you making a medical term connecting into viral videos to this and i think shame plays a huge role i'll give another example i i made a comment once saying that in elementary

table uh elements that have a lot of valencies which is uh there are more ways for them to bond with other elements are called reactive elements and maybe people who also have more valencies are the ones who are more reactive and they form bonds usually and they are likely to be more thing and therefore

people who have lesser valencies are noble and that's what also called noble gases in the elementary table and i will make this conjecture in public and people are like how can you connect human behavior to elements and i'm like why not i'm not trying to write in a scientific journal i'm just trying

to make a conjecture and what if this leads to something else and i think shame plays a huge role uh in fact uh double click on shame i found an interesting hypothesis that the fastest way to make somebody feel okay about what they're ashamed of is to make them feel proud about it for example the path

to from shame to normalcy is through pride uh which has obviously used and misused in different ways so gay pride and it you are a man if you have tobacco and you are a classy person if you have this whiskey so every vice becomes normal or every shameful behavior becomes normal when you convert this into

pride and i think you can make human humans do anything uh bad by just making it a matter of pride and it's an interesting hack if you think about it uh on how you can make people not feel ashamed about certain things you can say you have to be very proud of this right and i think uh by the way i also know

that everything that we are proud of are the handles that we give to other humans to manipulate us so every time everything that i write on twitter as things that i'm proud of like people's intros and descriptions are the trigger points put in public for example if you write i don't know proud father

proud american fastest way to manipulate you is the things that i have shown in public what i'm proud of uh because it i'm demonstrating my social identity in public and i'm like giving myself exposed uh and i do believe that humans create these identities to belong and fit in because it's very uncomfortable

to say i have no identity so i removed everything with my twitter i have no nothing written on my twitter as my identity uh and and i believe that one day we should give up your name also and profile picture also and and get into that zone because uh that's when you become impossible to manipulate or impossible

to trigger because you are nothing nobody and you just exist in the background right and i think a lot of people when they are trying to say i'm this proud this proud alum of this proud this or manchester united fan in fact uh the word fan probably comes from the word fanatic and fanatics are the easiest

to trigger in fact i believe that all the people who demonstrate the need to be fans are the people who are easiest to offend uh in life i think being fan or having favorites is telling the world that you're extremely easy to offend a couple points coming out of this there there's um i have a belief

that there's so much advantage in life that comes from being willing to look like an idiot in the short term and i think that goes to something you said earlier and that there's this quote by lou brock that always stands out to me which is show me a man that's afraid to look like an idiot and i'll show

you a man i can beat every time love it love it and i think those are so insightful because we're you have a huge twitter following and i mean if you're willing to put yourself out there and uh be wrong and uh hone and sharpen your insights then i think that speaks um that everybody can sort of take

a step in that direction and and i think to your your second point about we show others what we're most proud of i think we also show others what we're most scared of and and i mean that in the way of some of the unhappiest couples that i know of in real life are on social media the happiest couples

they have an acute need to show that they're happy and then they hope that showing that will make them really happy uh but the real people don't feel the need to show it to anybody else i think that's where the locus of control matters right is the locus of control external or internal right like what controls

your happiness and what controls your joy or pride and a lot of times when people put it in other people's hands that if you like it if you like you appreciate it i need your applause uh they build less and less substance within themselves because they're optimizing for somebody else's metric not realizing

that nobody gives a damn about anybody else except themselves so that goes to sort of buffet's idea of this inner versus outer scorecard talk to me about that i think people genuinely are benchmarking externally because the scores are built externally i think that uh academics for example uh i have a unique

curse of not being able to memorize things an indian education system expect you to memorize very long answers and say them as it is without understanding one bit of it so as a kid i always thought that i was a poor student because i would not be able to score marks compared to indian students who were able

to remember more and therefore memory tests is what indian education is all about versus understanding which i was doing well on so i would score very high marks in practicals projects presentations but very less in theoretical writing exams so i thought i was dumb compared to many students and it took

me after my first exit of my startup i started believing that i'm not so dumb so i think when we create any mechanism of scoring people outside iq test, eq test whatever that is right uh we are removing dimensions that we could be better at uh and i think uh but if you constantly think about am i better

than what i was six months ago and and constantly improving that it doesn't matter what you define as better than what you were at and i think you can make wealth by making better on something which is solving problems but you can be healthier or whatever but not by comparing but best looking at am

i better than the previous metric and i think most people are not keen in looking at that because it feels boring they want to compare and and the need to compare is acute uh and i think uh i've not seen people come out of that trap for example many people who are very smart in india who are in their

40s are still comparing to other people in their college batch in the union if they are better or not in their success in life i'm like but it was 20 years ago like why are you still in this race to compare just with your batch and i've seen that therefore nv is hyper local it's like wi -fi it works

only in a local radius right i don't feel envious with ilan musk it's not even in my network so humans have this unique thing of having nv in a hyper local network we don't feel envious of people who we don't believe in and therefore uh uh it's good to constantly change who your network is to really

do well in life because we all are going to be driven by the wi -fi network range of our nv or our comparison and therefore you do and people like i think navel today today and i had also responded back to that that we outgrow uh the price of growth is outgrowing people is is this because if you really

change your wi -fi network all the time to people with better ambitions better goals uh you will not feel that need to win within that's that local league uh of yours so hold on i want to explore this a little bit more nv being local is it you're not envious of ilan musk because uh there's multiple status

levels between you and him or perception of that whereas if if there's only one degree of status level then that creates sort of a situation where nv can take hold because it's like i could be that whereas like if i look at ilan musk i'm like i can't be ilan musk i don't want to be ilan musk but like

i can't be that the gap is so large and and that relates sort of to what we were talking about earlier where we're trying to elevate that status by like one level and i'm wondering if that plays a role here within v so i think in in the game of leaderboard and whatever the leaderboard is off we are constantly

playing in our local zone of people who are just below us and just above us and we are constantly trying to beat that and therefore uh let's say i have i don't know some hundred thousand followers on twitter uh i will not compare myself to somebody who has i don't know a hundred million followers like

it seems unachievable or i'm not going to compare myself in a sport let's say i am i'm decent at swimming i'm not comparing myself to felts who's one like you know 25 gold medals hypothetically right i'm looking at within my group of people am i beating them or not and i'm constantly moving up in the rank

so i think the need for this hyper local thing comes from that oh i'm going to beat my batch of college mates or my neighbors or my family members i'm the best cousin who did well and and and i think that's where we form some of these leagues and and we are happy just beating those leagues versus saying

that hey i just need to keep moving up and maybe benchmark myself to a slightly different level and i think a lot of people self limit themselves because they never ask the process that what is the process to beat elon musk you may not beat it but you know the process of beating elon musk and therefore

nobody is interested in the journey of elon musk everybody's interested in the end state of elon musk that i and therefore a lot of people behave like him uh when they have achieved nothing in their life uh or a lot of people try to behave like steve jobs when they have not been through the journey

of being steve jobs or elon musk and i think that's where the disconnect comes that we love to copy end states and never copy journeys well it's so interesting because like if you want to improve you you almost want to copy tactics and ignore results right so you don't want to compare at a macro level

you want to compare at a micro level and the micro level is what can i do better what can i learn from you that's going to make my process better that's going to make what i'm doing better and i don't want to compare the comparing outcomes is a recipe for unhappiness but comparing a tactical because you're

imitating and then you create right so we all copy things before we end up creating on our own and imitation is the quickest way to get to sort of average in any domain or discipline right you join the workforce you copy your boss your boss is probably an average boss and you you eventually become average

and if you imitate beyond that now you can start to differentiate and you can go beyond it but you can't really you can't really do that sort of um innovation well you can do it blindly i guess before you copy but it helps to copy first but you need to copy at a micro level and then the other nuance

here that i think a lot of people miss is you need to copy at the somebody who's at the next level and a recent next level so not like a distant so we often go into these organizations and i did this when i was 20 23 24 joined this organization i get this mentor my mentor is amazing brilliant super

smart 25 years older than i am full of insight but they're not full of insight at a tactical micro level they're full of insight at a macro level at politics at life at because the skills that got them to where they are are not the same skills necessarily that are going to help me in my job today because they

might have done what i did but they did it 25 years ago the odds of those things being relevant and useful are a lot less so you want to find somebody who's done the same thing that you're doing and just did it so next level success somebody who just did your job got promoted out of it i think the reason we

don't do that is truth seeking is not something that is taught actively in our education system because we want people to accept what we teach them so that they can crack the curriculum or the exams that we've created for them and we but we're not teaching truth seeking uh truth seeking for example

i would say that philosophy should be mandatory in all school education because it teaches you how to seek truth and question everything that you even studied and i think that's not actively encouraged uh one experiment i don't have kids but i love experimenting on other people's kids uh it becomes

a good uh testing thing one of the things i've seen work really well in growing majority of kids is or making them insightful is something i call it the wi -fi school i like w -h -y -f -i which means what you do is at every day at dinner uh tell them ask them a why question or they can propose a why question and the next

day they come up with the answer uh on why it is the the case that way and like why is the sky blue or you can take anything they can take uh why is this team called this name why is it so expensive to advertise on super bowl whatever it is you can just choose any why that they are interested in and you

do this enough for one or two years the compounding just goes like this because most people are stuck in what and when and how and all of that but why it makes you more insightful and i think doing that early hack in kids just makes them very interested in saying that why is ilan mas correct why are some

people able to be successful why is this athlete able to win consistently why is this director able to get more revenue in movies versus this guy why is this guy artists all the singles all the time hits why is this artist uh why did michael jackson work for two decades or whatever like i think the moment

you encourage that and it doesn't matter what the topic is if you get them hooked early on on why uh first of all they grow mature much more mature than most of the kids which is which is a side price of it because you they don't get along with the kids in their school and people start calling them

as nerds or geeks or whatever but the thing is that they just compound faster by one type of question versus others so i think the input metrics or input levers of any excellence or any growth seem to be consistently same but most people are not interested in that and therefore they're looking for shortcuts

like what can i buy this crypto this and like get to my Ferrari like like and and and therefore a lot of people get fooled uh because the analytical behavior to understand that how can you really become that like what is why why does bitcoin exist and why do we have so many coins like i i often tell

people that cryptos like religion that there are multiple religions but the true test of religion that is there is that is it adding more dius every day like look at christianity or islam or indus it's adding more dius every single day on its market share and therefore they're much more robust compared

to many other religions when they uh what if uh like snapchat had a user growth decline what if christianity has a user decline on growth would it uh start giving power away to something else and therefore how are the organized religions figured out a perpetual diu growth many ancient religions did

not and they got replaced so i think these things are not something that people are curious about the answers are usually very simple and basic uh and that's another thing we don't like basic answers we are like oh that seems super simplified but the truth is that when you really go and distill that things

will become simple and basic but we don't i think when you are in a high IQ zone that it feels like cheating when you get simple answers uh and and you're like and therefore when i tweet or you tweet people like oh you're like oversimplifying and grossly non nuanced but it's not uh sometimes the truth

is as simple as it gets i always think of things as being you know that there's simple but not necessarily simplistic and so when you're a novice and you look at a problem it's simplistic i can solve world hunger i can do this and then as you dive in it's really freaking complicated right there's all

these things you didn't think of and then on the other side of that complexity is simplicity and i think of that as simplicity on the other side of complexity but it's not a simplistic so simple doesn't mean simplistic in this case and then that is like true insight and mastery and understanding i want

to go back to something you said earlier because i think this is a point or worth sort of maybe coming back to you or empathizing a little bit more which is truth most people aren't in the truth business they're in the story business whether it's the story they tell to themselves the story that they're

telling to other people that they don't want the truth they want the story and i think that there's very few people entrepreneurs specifically are rewarded for being in the truth business if you can't figure out the truth you go out of business and so it's a unique subset of people who are actually

driven to sort of find the truth and if they're blind to it it has huge consequences whereas a lot of people can sort of be blind to reality and blind to the truth and and focus more on this story yeah i think that's a very interesting point you just made if you really spend time with entrepreneurs

who are successful and and let's say successful for consistently successful you'll almost feel that they are philosophers and and what is philosophy it means feelo plus sophie which is love for knowledge or love for truth right and and therefore the reason they are successful consistently because they

are in the business of seeking truth sometimes they just find something and use it and apply it and build something out of it but they are in the business of seeking truth and the frequency of how things are disrupting and getting quickly disrupted is the truth is constantly evolving at a different

level right and if you can't keep up to it you will get irrelevant no matter who you are uh and i think uh surface level truth seeking therefore does not create enduring businesses because you really don't know why the hell are people really using your product what is the real problem are you solving

not what you are saying what it is solving there's an underlying three levels deeper thing which should give you a much larger market and time to operate in but you don't really go seek that and i think the reason uh truth seeking is not preferred because it it truly burns more energy uh and energy

saving is in human trade right so i often make that comment that people are not more intolerant they are just running out of power per day more than anybody else in the humanity ever did so it's not unusual to like authoritarian leaders because i can't process all this information so we are not away

that that this super interesting sorry i i didn't mean to interrupt you there and uh but you you said something i think i've never heard it put that way we're we're not less intolerant than we were before we're just running at a processing power and if we sort of overlay that to the media which is designed

to hijack our attention and manipulate our emotions which would be taking away that processing power the byproduct that would be that we appear less tolerant in all other aspects of our life because we're sort of like getting all of this energy sucked out from social media and media which is designed

to sort of hijack us and there is no time and energy to go to nuances it's not needed it's not required and and and therefore everybody has an opinion and they are lot more opinionated because the nuance is lost right there is no need to go into nuances uh because there is no processing power and therefore

we like authoritarian leaders a lot more in these chaotic times because seems about right right and and and and therefore uh i i remember hearing from somebody that nobody people don't back people who are right and wrong people back people who seem to have a backbone uh because i can't process all this information and i

think look at this like the the people like a lot of us who were born before internet and now like the younger generation like they just have so much coming to them right every day constantly that they are therefore just want to click and say yes and no and all the polls have become yes and no versus

all the nuances and like nobody has time for nuances so i think the world is going to become more and more intolerant because the processing power of hardware is not growing at all but the amount of information that is coming to us is growing disproportionately and i think the ability of few people

to go to nuances to basic principles will keep creating more and more wealth power anything that you can imagine is important and and as a metric of success because they are traders of nuances uh and and all the people who are not traders of nuances are going to be this transient a source of energy

that money will flow through them away in fact i'll tell you an interesting thing i've observed you will rarely meet a wealthy person who cannot keep secrets so i believe that wealth is like energy that stores itself in entropic complexities that seem to hold the information asymmetry in them versus

be these transient sources and and therefore i believe that the world has become this super conductor where one meme goes to hundreds of millions of people quickly information gossip uh fake videos of content about uh johnny depp's divorce like it's spreading so quickly and and all of that and there

is nobody no interest in going to nuances and going into these things because you have to be connected to this global thing of being connected to the narrative and i go for dinner and people talk about this i need to not to be look like an idiot who's not knowing the common topic and therefore things

like netflix or youtube are just making the world one at levels we cannot imagine because people are trying to be relevant in the context of like what percentage of human population i actually i did an interesting study uh you you'll love it by the way you should look it up when wilsmiths had that event

at oscars i looked at google trends and saw on the heat map of the world where did wilsmith as a keyword take off because google trends went like this like this but on the global heat map only some places went really dark most places had no search jump and i was like this is perfect this is a final

map of to knowing where the western media has huge influence you can predict accurately in india and africa in morocco in in in in indonesia their western media has importance where do where do people care about wilsmiths and and you can see this patterns emerge very clearly when you create these contrast

events right and i think the processing power has therefore reduced uh no i i read something interesting once where it says that uh kids love watching watching animated movies again and again they watch it six times they're still happy they watch it ten times they're still happy because their brain has not evolved

to find patterns and they are constantly finding new things all the time when they watch the same content but humans like we don't like watching the content again because you figured out all the patterns so we like watching movies which are unpredictable and we can't solve the patterns and therefore

the the Christopher Nolan genre like becomes very interesting because you're like oh i couldn't grasp have to watch it one more time or whatever but the nuance of this is that uh we are also perpetually bored because of that right because nothing seems to be causing any unusual pattern and they will look

constantly looking for new pattern breaking things uh and therefore tick tock is no surprise because it's constantly breaking patterns and and and uh one of the most interesting things i learned is that all things that are funny are surprises all jokes are surprises go deeper on that if you think about a joke

it's a it's building a pattern and then it switches to a pattern that you cannot anticipate and therefore it creates an emotion in us it makes us laugh and now now now that i've said this if you see every stand -up joke everything you will see surprise surprise surprise all the time so the brains is constantly

looking for surprises versus going to nuances because we are like it's giving us this dopamine shots of here and there and tick tock is surprise super machine you can spend hours on it and your brain will not stop getting surprised but in life we tend not to like surprises right so i'm thinking specifically

you know the oil shoots up we come up with this simple that's a surprise it it disrupts the way that we thought something was going to happen and our perception out of the world and then we ignore it we talk ourselves out of it we dismiss it instead of exploring it interestingly the human brain which lights

up in fear and humor is in the same region because it's a surprise that does not cause harm to us but it causes emotional arousal in us right so the thing is that right that's where we like surprises that don't harm us because it creates an emotional arousal and takes out dopamine anticipation levels

very high but we don't like for example we love a gift that is wrapped and we know by the way we'll not love a gift that come randomly to our house with no name on it and we say your loved one gets you a surprise which is packed nicely you are just excited because you do not feel the threat attached

to this is the same gift looks the same feels the same ways the same and causes different emotion you're like oh has somebody sent me a bomb you're not thinking that oh i have a secret admirer who sent me this beautiful gift let me just open it you're mostly assuming that oh i have somebody who's causing

harm to me but the same thing it's given in familiar context where you've removed the fear you're like i'm so excited to open this it doesn't matter we could be 60 year old we are still happy to open a gift wrap i want to go back to something you said earlier that that's sort of like uh lingering in my

mind a little bit which is you said you've rarely met a wealthy person that can't keep a secret go deeper on that i do believe then and more and more you study about concept of wealth we often say that wealth is not zero sum but it actually is because wealth is nothing but energy stored so according

to me wealth is nothing but batteries of energy where energy is stored temporarily and keeps increasing because we are humans are the only species that have figured out how to convert all forms of energy to our advantage to reduce our local energy consumption or local entropy so we are the only species

that i figured out nuclear energy solar energy kinetic and every form of energy we convert to our advantage and therefore our wealth keeps growing and if you look at since industrial revolution and invention of electricity the wealth and GDP of the human population went up like this it did not go like

this it went up like this right and and if Elon really cracks away to get solar to come to ourselves the world's wealth will go disproportionately as well because guess what we figured out free energy unlimited energy right so the thing is that there's an interesting thing that was uh was called the Maxwell's

demon problem which was the only thing that said approve that entropy is not increasing it can be reversed because it was a concept which was basically maxwell demon has this glass box maxwell is the scientist who came up with this theory that entropy is not a law because it can be proven to not be

true by maxwell's demon experiment it was a glass box with a door in middle and there are two chambers one with cold molecules and one has heated molecules and and this demon could open the window selectively based on when hot one was trying to move in this direction and left cold was moving and it

just reverse it so basically it says that maxwell demon is able to reverse entropy versus oral increasing the entropy of the system and therefore entropy is not a law then people after many years figured out that the brain of the demon is part of the system and the oral entropy of the system is growing

and therefore human brain and therefore the information theory and all of that comes in saying that entropy is constantly increasing because of the information asymmetry in the demon's head now if you extend this idea further you realize that all the tech companies that are disproportionately growing

and wealth and net worth and revenues are also the ones which has more information asymmetry or they are more maxwell demon like same for humans people who have natural information asymmetry are constantly creating more and more wealth therefore they because you have to burn less energy compared to

others in diverting the molecules here and there and I think therefore when you see a wealthy person so a lot of people become rich but not wealthy because they do not know how to manage the information asymmetry so a lot of athletes become very rich and very quickly become poor and you will see a pattern

that they are very bad at holding information asymmetry and ability to keep secrets is a good litmus test of an information asymmetry seeking brain and this is where I'm making these leaps saying that how do I know somebody can keep information asymmetry the first test is ability to keep secrets but how

do you know somebody can keep his secret well we all somehow humans know intuitively if I asked you Shane think about 10 of your friends can you think about three of them who cannot keep a secret totally I'm not going to name them though because they're probably listening to this you should not name

them but you can also name the three people who will keep the secrets yeah also and sometimes they are trusted by wealthy people and therefore their wealth grows because wealthy people love to associate with people who can keep secrets and and secrets doesn't have to be nasty it can be just about knowing

something about the world and and all of that for example like if people really cared about information asymmetry they would have heard every podcast of yours and got there it's just not natural for humans to do that seeking information asymmetry is not natural I think humans have scaled as a society

because we figured out that the way we grow our energy or our biomass is to constantly store information asymmetry one form or the other and therefore it was really an interesting thing that the biomass of ants and humans is the same in the world which is the number of kilograms of weight that we have on this planet

because both of these species figured out how to cooperate and keep this information structure growing right and and others don't and and they are constantly struck in the status society and not cooperative societies because language is one way of thinking keeping things more efficient and burning less

energy compared to others and and many species don't do that so the thing is that humans are the only species that are figured out how to increase the entropy of the system like we are the best agents of entropy because we've heated up the entire ocean thanks to our activity right and and and global

warming is a function of us creating more wealth through the process of inefficient thing and therefore going after sustainable energy is a great way of being richer without causing the environmental damage that we can create with that because of the side effect of other methods of creating energy and I

think therefore uh this concept of wealth is rarely like uh and generationally like you will see that a lot of time two three generation later wealth does not stay because you will always create somebody who's not very good at keeping secrets or holding the ground or keeping and there'll be always people

who like manipulate them into these schemes and all of that and they will lose it right and I think that's where information asymmetry is an interesting concept if you see all the companies that are doing well they are constantly increasing their information asymmetry about knowledge about their customer

or knowledge about their industry or the flow of system and so on and so forth because otherwise this energy just keeps moving to places that can hold it and store it and it can keep getting destroyed for example a lot of social media stock market tanked and revenue tanked when apple announced a way

to not be able to keep more information asymmetry and boom you can't predict many things about people and therefore your revenue will tank because you can't predict their behavior and I think that's where the power of understanding this simple concept can can be very useful in understanding where the wealth

is going to move constantly.

I like that let's change gears a little bit here talk to me about decision making.

So I have seen that one good framework of decision making is talking to champions of that field of decision making somebody who has more choices usually has ability to make better decisions than people who have lesser choices let me explain what I mean by that a person who's less person who's like likely

to be able to get anybody to marry them and they have the ability to do that are likely to be better at taking decisions on how to marry somebody right and it sounds weird but choices just make them better right or an investor that can invest in any company is likely to become better on how to pick

companies right so I think the expertise of decision making is usually in people who have more choices than others in fact according to me the simplest definition of success is also about having more choices than other people in that respective field that you think about and I think that usually does

not fail but I believe that a lot of people are taking decisions through emotion which is a hit or miss thing but problems to solve are or to feel are through emotions right so for example a lot of times founders are like parents who sometimes just know intuitively something is wrong with their kid

or their startup or their company but emotions are not good enough to solve the problem but they are very good at knowing intuitively something is off and you like even doctors will struggle when a mother feels something about the kid and like they're like we can't find something and then something

is off and they just feel it and it's a great place to find something to be fixed not a great tool to use how to fix because emotions will make you do stupid decisions on how to solve that problem and you'll or correct or destruct in trying to solve that problem if you use emotions to do that so I think

using emotions to diagnose sorry using emotions to detect symptoms is great using emotions to solve or make decisions is terrible everybody has different framework I know about the Bezos framework of regret minimization framework and and you can talk about many of these things I think a lot of times

having just a long -term mindset around decisions even if it's short -term decisions is useful so I've seen that some people are naturally good at long -term decisions than many people who are very good at short -term decisions right so I think using a lot of those people as APIs in your life for long -term

decisions is a good framework and we all of us know some people who are very good at long -term decisions and and they think 20 years 40 years 60 years 80 years 100 years on everything right for example I've always told people that all bad behavior is rooted in short term thinking every bad behavior in human beings

comes from being short -term about everything right and I think if you play a long enough game it doesn't seem like a bad thing and I think therefore it's not natural for humans to think 30 years out and therefore people do stupid things with their reputation or their trust with people or all of that because they

don't think it matters 10 years later and but if you do grow your reputation slowly it gives you huge powers later on because compounds quickly in fact I remember this beautiful quote one of our professors told me that now kunal's reputation is an bank account where you can only deposit a dollar a day

but every time the withdrawal is almost nearly complete so if you make a mistake on a reputation the withdrawal will be complete but in terms of deposits you can only almost deposit a dollar a day you can't hack reputation in fact everybody who tries to hack a reputation is penalized badly by the society

and they get corrected quickly but slow reputation usually gives you more currency to outlast and I think when it comes to decision making like thinking about what is the slow currency of life reputation wealth all of that like don't try to hack it anybody who's trying to hack it will always lose it

quickly because they'll not have the muscle to retain it for example a lot of people who get rich quickly without really building substance are exactly the people who get to play advanced sport without building the muscle for it and they get injured because they have not built the muscle to handle that so I

do believe that some people are just naturally good at judgment and the reason they are very good at that because they love to be right a lot and I think I'm sure you had talked about this concept of decision journals and all of that but the thing is that intuitively people who are very good at decision making

are constantly journaling without even sometimes not writing but constantly evaluating everything that did in the past objectively without feeling emotional about it and constantly reflecting on it and improving their algorithm right and I think in terms of decision making you know there is this thing

that you say what would Steve do and what would Bezos do what would this do actually sounds stupid but it's not or what would Jesus do right these are good frameworks to say that let me try to think like them and see if they would do it or not and I think sometimes just creating this mimicry of sorts

would be very powerful that would this person do this what this and I think the only good use of reading a autobiography or biography is to be able to answer this question that would Elon do this would Steve do this two comments on sort of what you you just mentioned there one is when you think long

term you eliminate a lot of poor behavior if you think like we're going to be going to get paid more tomorrow or do anything so it just eliminates all of those incentives even if you just think about all your relationships on this generational basis you eliminate a lot of behavior that maybe you sort

of I'll tell you a funny thing all the scammy businesses are usually found around tourist places oh dude yeah I remember the kids and I went to this place in Vienna and we the kids ordered water and the water was 18 euros and we had this amazing conversation around like how is it possible that they

can charge 18 euros for water and still have a thriving business it's very it's very simple all the places that are built around tourist places are designed to optimize for short -term behavior because there is no repeat customer behavior exactly so all the scammy people will self -select themselves to

be around tourist places because I don't need to optimize for my long -term nps yeah so they self -select themselves in these one in many and then there's no thing that oh buy this Vienna cake nobody's no friend is saying that Shane when you go there buy from here like nobody's saying that as well so it

self -selects itself into scammy to the other point about asking yourself like what would Steve do or what would Elon do one of the reasons I find this so helpful is that it the source of all of our biases are blind spots you know we can only see through our frame of reference but the world exists outside

of our frame of reference and when you ask yourself like what would Warren do or what would Steve do or you know uh what we can all do what you're really doing is you're getting out of your own head and you're seeing the world through a different lens and that in and of itself starts to reveal blind

spots and the source of all bad decisions is blind spots because if you knew what was going to happen you would obviously never make a poor choice everything makes sense based on how you see the world and so what you're really doing is you're shifting your frame of reference which is the only thing

that I've ever seen helpful at avoiding cognitive biases in the future because cognitive biases are so good at explaining why we made a mistake but retrospectively in the past here's why you screwed up and it's like well that's great how do I use this information to make better decisions in the future

and it's like actually that's really tricky the smarter you are uh the more likely you're not going to be able to do that checklist don't matter you know when I talked to Daniel Kahneman he said the exact same thing he's like I've studied this for 60 some years and I'm no better at avoiding them and I'm

like throwing my hands up going well what the heck but what I have seen being super useful at avoiding them is to think less of them as cognitive biases and think about frames of reference and am I do I have the right frame of reference to see this problem and how can I shift my frame of reference to

see it through a different lens through somebody else's eyes and that comes down to curiosity too right and truth seeking because I want to see the world through your eyes I want to see what it looks like see what you think I don't have to agree with it and I think that's where people people instantly

like tune out they're oh I don't agree with the way that you know I want to understand how you see the problem what inner connections you see what variables you see and it's through that reflection that I'm going to get more insight into the problem it's funny you're saying this uh all the people who are seemingly

very good at decisions they tend to have multiple personalities in thinking about situations they can almost think like five different people at the same time and they can become different people and see blind spots of that and explain the problem exactly through the lens of that person or instinctively

disable reject things for example let's say we are trying to hire a senior person in our startup and let's say we have read autobiography of five successful people in life and we can really live through that thing or let's say movie characters that we have seen and we have built that reference in our

head on what they would do and say would this person hire this guy and it's weird we'll be able to instinctively see feel from there and say no there is no way this guy would touch this guy why because he's not smart enough to meet that level or he's not creative enough and and and does not have the slope

like the way this guy did it and we always can come up with that and therefore thinking being able to become getting multiple perspectives so two things i have seen right people who are saying well read well traveled is nothing but acquiring more lenses in life to see things the word unusual starts

dying as you travel more as you read more you are less shocked you're less surprised because nothing seems unusual you've seen it all and therefore you have acquired different frames and therefore most intolerant people who have not either read or travel because they don't know alternate realities if you

ask american is this the best culture ever they'll say yes but they have never traveled to know and test if other cultures are better most indians would do the same thing they're like so proud of their religion their culture they think there is no framework to go tested right the other perspective is philosophy

right like when i studied philosophy i had to study indian philosophy and western philosophy together as 18 19 20 year old and these are completely different things like it's almost like trying to i don't know uh trying to mix uh uh uh a japanese cuisine to like Italian cuisine to a British cuisine

and you're like it doesn't make sense but the moment you acquire these lenses and they all exist and you can see this from a perspective or that oh let's say you make a decision say will japanese people love it will british people love it will indian people love it and then you can come up with this ways

to adjust to that based on some of these nuances and and we we have this amazing ability to come up with these answers again from our biases but we have to be able to tap into multiple biases that coexist in us by creating all these multiple personalities in our head and saying that would this guy like

it would this guy like it and i'm like can see it and therefore all the people who are really good at their craft can predict almost like omakase of life and like they'll just know that you will love this and and and therefore some people can get applause every time they go on stage some people can make

music that can get applause every time some people can just do this consistently because they can just figure out the constant shift and nuances and they get stuck in a type do you record anything when you're making a decision like do you keep a decision journal i don't but i have built a habit of tweeting

my predictions and people do one funny thing i don't know if you've seen this remind me of this in 12 months that people tag so i make a prediction that this is going to be this behavior in two years time and people respond to that tweet by saying remind me of this in 24 months and that tool reminds

you to check this tweet in 24 months and do that and i found that to be very useful because if you make a prediction in public and you say something in public if you are right people will find you and tell you kunal you were right this turned out to be true for example i wrote something about dating

and how it's going to mess up things and and how things fast forward as another give rise to certain behavior and there's an article that came yesterday which exactly talked about what i talked about in 2018 and somebody found that and said kunal you said this in 2018 and that's one thing that works

for me and and it's awkward to make your predictions public and you make the projections public or whatever but when you're wrong also people will find and say kunal you said this but look at this is what happened and and it's a nice way of making the world i crowdsource my decision making journaling

and shaming because it it it reminds me uh more efficiently i'm not a structured person i can barely make a to -do list in life i can in fact the day i make a to -do list i i somehow lose that to -do list uh because i just can't keep up to that uh and i think being more connected in the moment constantly

connecting dots the my method and therefore i document them in public because i'll i'll trust people to come and correct me on my decisions how do you think about opportunity cost it it comes to what metric you're optimizing for if it's let's say wealth for the sake of making argument or opportunity

cost uh uh not all things create the long term ROI that you think it does right for example uh you'll say i'm gonna do a startup or do this job in consulting and i i might just miss out the opportunity to make some money in consulting and lose that early day in the startup i think uh constantly thinking

from a lens of value per hour and and uh cost per hour so so one framework i use is uh every now and then we should figure out a way what is our value per hour and we should figure out any mechanism dcf salary whatever and then you say hey whatever work i'm doing is this generating more market cap per

hour than i am doing right now and doesn't matter what that work is if it's causing that then you will do well because you would disproportionately beat the index uh of your salary per hour which can be predicted very quickly good thing about jobs is that you can make that clear prediction and then

that's not bad you can say that hey this is going to create this and people are very good at doing the cack ltv math saying that if i do this MBA i'll unlock a consulting job and then i can get placed into amazon and this is what my career trajectory will look like and this is what i can be in net worth

or whatever basis and that's a very safe path that many people take many people take the unusual path and and tend to do better because they unlock more experiences and the feedback loops dramatically improve so i believe that historically people who are hired for years of experience i think in future

people will be hired for experiences per year right and i think that is going to create this that uh is your dx by y is your slope really really high and i think that's where uh if you look at when does the startup become a big company it's a good question to ask like when does the startup become a big

company is amazon a startup or a big company is uber a startup or a big company like is one billion dollar valuation makes you a big company i think the answer is very simple when you reduce the concentration of people with very high slope in the company yeah trajectory matters more correct so if you

reduce the concentration of people who are not high slope constantly then you become a big company because by design preservation does not come for people with high slope they will demand more from the company they will push it they will not uh want things to be in a certain way and therefore uh uh

and by the keeping the high slope people in a company is the hardest thing to do because every ambition of yours will look silly to most people and therefore sometimes i wonder like elon is going to probably have i don't know five five hundred billion dollar plus companies maybe six i think the biggest

thing he's done he is just extraordinary at collecting strong slope people all the time and keeping them engaged to feel excited and ambitious about doing what they are doing because they they just will push everything and all you have to do is orchestrate those people uh to do great things well it's

so fascinating right because there's attracting high slope individuals there's retaining high slope individuals and then there's a sort of natural selection where if you allow a certain number of people who are average or low slope if you will to permeate the organization it changes the environment

in which like high basically another way of saying high performers want to work with high performers and if people see if you're working with somebody who is a high performer you are better right the the standards are raised even if you're an average you're you're slightly above average now because you

want to work harder you're learning more you're excited to go to work it becomes less of a job and you're more all in but the minute a high performer is surrounded by people who are mediocre performers they want to leave they get frustrated they get cynical there's a clock on how long that they stay

in that organization or a clock on how long they stay engaged yeah and therefore companies who obsess for revenue per employee naturally retain talent density a lot more by design because they do not kind of regress to mean if you will uh in many many ways because mean is unfortunately very very boring

for high performers because imagine you are in all hands or a town hall and the quality of questions have become so terrible you're like whose company is this yeah exactly yeah right and i think uh it sounds like almost like you're trying to build up some kind of a divide in society but that's the truth

us historically constantly brought a lot of the bright minds to come to them and honestly india has lost a lot of uh smart brains because we could not do a good job of retaining these people and still struggle to do that and and all us and but you change a law and you stop the high slope people to come

to you some other country is going to benefit from that and they will eventually in the long run fix that because the high slope people are constantly changing every environment they go to and and the funny thing about the high slope people is that they recognize other high slope people almost in literally

five minute conversations yeah we're definitely going to need part two maybe part three but this this is a great place to end this conversation canal and i really appreciate you taking the time and i'm already excited for next time the knowledge project is produced by the team at fernom street i'd love

to get your advice on how to make this the most valuable podcast you listen to email me at shane at f s dot blog you can learn more about the show and find past episodes at f s dot blog slash podcast to get a transcript of this episode go to f s dot blog slash tribe or check out the show notes can you

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[통찰력의 경제: 비즈니스 성공을 위한 인간 심리와 사고 프레임워크]-[#141 Kunal Shah: Core Human Motivations]

📋 Summary

통찰력의 경제: 비즈니스 성공을 위한 인간 심리와 사고 프레임워크

1. 비즈니스 가문의 유산: 가치와 트렌드

2. 가치 창출의 핵심: 델타 4(Delta 4) 프레임워크

3. 인간 동기와 사회적 신뢰

4. 의사결정과 정보 비대칭성

결론

🎯Key Sentences

📝Key Phrases

📖 Transcript