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This is Hidden Brain. I'm Shankar Vedanta.
As we make our way through life, all of us have access to a rich repository of wisdom.
This storehouse of knowledge can help us make better decisions, cultivate closer relationships, and enhance the quality of our work.
It can help us be better partners and parents, better artists and writers, better entrepreneurs and leaders.
How do we tap into this deep well of insight?
We need to listen to others who know more than us, and to learn from those who see more clearly than we do.
Whether it's a veteran member of our profession, a seasoned parent or a grandparent, or a couple of decades of marriage behind them, other people can provide us with tools, expertise, and insight, incalculably valuable assets in any life.
So why is it, given all the wisdom we have with an easy reach, we so often resist or reject what other people have to tell us?
This week on Hidden Brain, the curious psychological tendency that keeps us from acquiring all the knowledge available to us, and how we can open ourselves to learn from others.
All over the world, people want to be free.
Individual autonomy is especially prized in a country like the United States.
Who decides what you study in college?
You do. Who decides who you marry or where you live?
You do. Who decides what food you eat, what movies you watch, what songs you listen to?
You do, you do, you do. At Dominican University in California, psychologists Benjamin Rosenberg studies how people respond to real and imagined infringements on their sense of autonomy.
Ben Rosenberg, welcome to Hidden Brain.
Thanks so much for having me.
Ben, I want to take you back many years to when you were in college and driving one day in Boulder, Colorado.
Three of your roommates were in your Jeep Cherokee.
You were headed to a nearby golf course.
Can you paint me a picture of what happened that day?
Oh goodness. So we're driving up the freeway, the 36 freeway, to be specific.
And we're cruising along in my Jeep, just like four college guys do.
And a small kind of geometro-ish car pulls up behind us and is like tailgating us like nobody's business.
The other driver was trying to force Ben to move out of the lane.
And I really feel threatened by this.
I'm like, what is this guy doing?
What's happening here?
I really didn't like what was going on.
So as a, whatever, 21-year-old, what do you do?
But you slam on your brakes to tell the person, hey, get off my butt.
So the guy takes exception to this.
He pulls into the lane next to us.
We're in the fast lane, the left lane.
The guy pulls into the lane next to us.
And rolls down his window and starts shouting obscenities at my roommates and I in the car.
Well, you'd think there's one of two directions.
My response could go, right?
I could let it go, let the guy drive away.
Naturally, that is not what I did.
I also rolled down the window and started yelling back at the guy.
And so we're having this shouting match.
It's 70 miles per hour cruising down the freeway.
Which is truly looking back on it, a ridiculously unsafe thing to be doing.
And the guy decides he's going to speed up, pull in front of us, and then do the brake check thing back to us.
So he slams on his brakes.
Wow. Luckily, we don't hit the guy.
I sort of see what's coming.
And I'm beyond limited at this point.
I'm freaking out. And my roommates basically say, dude, chill out.
You gotta let it go. And it was just enough for whatever reason to get through to me.
And I thankfully let the guy just speed off down the highway.
Now, it turns out this wasn't a completely isolated incident bend because I understand more recently you were driving in your car with your wife and children when you had another altercation on the road.
Tell me what happened this time.
Yeah, I think my wife will probably kill me for sharing this.
But here we go. So we had flown home to the Bay Area from a wedding in Minnesota with two kids.
My daughter is about three months at the time.
My son's about four and a half.
And we go to my parent's house.
It's Russia, Shana. We have a lovely dinner with everybody.
We're quite tired, though.
And so we load everybody up in the car, a sun setting to drive home.
My parents live on a relatively small residential street.
And so you need to do a three-point turn in order to get going the correct direction to get back out of their neighborhood.
And so I'm finishing my three-point turn and a new Ford Bronco flies up the street.
And this is, again, a windy road.
You need to go pretty slowly around here.
Flies up the street at us.
And I think he sees us and he stops.
But it seems like he very reluctantly stops.
And he's creeping towards us, revving his engine up.
Wow. So I take this as an affront and I decide, well, you know, I'm going to finish my turn as slowly as I can, just to kind of put a little salt on the wound here.
Because this guy clearly seems like he's really in a rush.
And he's annoying me. So why not make it a little more slowly?
Convinced that the driver of the Ford Bronco was infringing on his autonomy to make a three-point turn in peace, Ben rolled down his window and yelled an insult.
They got rolled his window back down at me and starts yelling back at us.
At this point, my wife is already like beyond furious.
And she knows as I have a history of getting upset on the road, every road rage history.
And so she's beyond upset already.
I figure incidents over, you know, we're going to drive away.
So I start driving down the road.
My parents live in a pretty windy kind of hilly neighborhood and there's some speed bumps.
So, you know, you've got to go pretty slow down the road.
So I start driving away.
And I see in the rear view the guy pulls a three-point turn of his own now.
Oh my gosh. Right. And decides to pursue us, to follow us back down the street.
And so he's coming off to you.
He's coming after us. And I think to myself, oh crap, you know what?
What am I done? I've got my wife and my kids in the car.
But at this point, we're in so deep that I have to keep going.
All right. So I start driving down the road again.
You can't go very fast. We're going around these turns.
I grew up in this neighborhood.
My parents have lived there for 35 years.
And I figure I'll turn off this main road before we get to the really main road and that I will lose the guy.
So I take a turn up this street, thinking I know exactly where it's going to lead me.
And it turns out to be a dead end.
And we so we ended a call to sack in some person's driveway.
And at this point, panic really sets in.
And so I need to do this three points.
Turn to get out of this call to sack.
And in my, you know, really heightened state, I end up just ignoring all the warning bells in her car that are beeping at me in the camera.
And I wham her back bumper and her tail light into this cement wall.
Oh, no. And my son, who's in the back goes, daddy, what was that?
And my wife, of course, knows I just rammed her nice car into this wall.
And so I finish the turn and start driving out.
Luckily, the guy hadn't followed us into this dead end into this call to sack.
But it was a really scary thing to have happened that quite truthfully, like I had caused, right?
I was the cause of this incident.
I want to fast forward you to another story that took place in your life, Ben.
Some years ago, when the COVID-19 pandemic hit, you and your wife and son were living with your parents.
So you got to see your dad's reactions to COVID restrictions up close.
Tell me about him and how he responded to the public health messaging around the pandemic.
This is so funny because my dad is a brilliant person, a clinical psychologist for 40, 50 years.
Wow. Really, really smart guy.
And somebody who I look up to tremendously, he also has this side of him that is a very resistant to the kind of messaging or restrictions that we all were having to follow at the beginning of COVID there.
So my dad feels so, I think, affronted by what's going on in the world that he decides, well, I got to get my autonomy back somehow.
And the ways that he did it were so fascinating.
So he decided he would go for drives.
He decided to take these little trips, you know?
And it's like, I didn't think he went in anywhere.
I don't think he went to a store.
I don't think he went to see buddies.
I think he literally just take his car out and drive around the neighborhood or drive to the places he used to go because he wanted to do something.
He wanted to feel like he was able to do something when we weren't able really to do anything.
And the other funny way we saw this play out is we were sort of potted with my parents at the time.
And so we would act basically normally with them.
But my sister and her husband also lived in the area and my dad, I think, found it really hard to follow the guidelines when we saw them.
And so he'd find these little ways to sort of enact his freedom.
And he would like, you know, when we saw them, he wouldn't wear a mask for a little while.
He'd like, see how long he could push it.
Or he'd like, you know, kind of gov and give her a hug and a kiss on the forehead when really we're trying, you know, say six feet apart or whatever.
So he's find these little kind of nuggets of ways to try to enact some modicum of autonomy.
When we come back, the many strange ways in which I drive for autonomy can keep us from doing what's best for us.
You're listening to Hidden Brain.
I'm Shankar Vedanta. This is Hidden Brain.
I'm Shankar Vedanta. No matter our age or where we live in the world or what we do for work, we've all experienced what it's like to have people reject our requests, to be told that what we want is unfair or heavy-handed.
And we've all been in the opposite position as well, finding ourselves pushing back against requests that infringe on our autonomy.
At Dominican University, Ben Rosenberg has long been fascinated by these acts of rebellion, what psychologists call reactants.
Ben, tell me about the work of Jack Brem.
So Jack Brem originated this idea about psychological reactants.
And he writes this book in 1966 that is steeped in a lot of other classical social psychological work in the time.
So Jack Brem actually studied with Leigh Ann Festinger, who created cognitive dissonance theory.
People don't like inconsistency in their lives.
And so cognitive dissonance is all about inconsistency between belief and action.
And that doesn't make us feel good.
Reactants is kind of a similar idea.
And so Dr. Brem, Jack Brem writes this book, is very skinny but incredibly well-written, fascinating book.
Laying out his ideas about what happens when people's freedom is either threatened or removed.
What happens to us when we have autonomy either taken away from us entirely?
Or we feel like something is providing an impingement to our front on our perceived autonomy.
So we're going to talk a little bit about psychological reactants and some of the problems of psychological reactants.
But it might be good to start with why we have reactants in the first place.
Jack Brem and others argued that in some ways, this is part of our drive for self-determination, which in and of itself is not a bad thing.
Absolutely. And I think Brem actually argued this in his original work that psychological reactants is at least in part evolutionary in nature, that having the ability to choose how we fulfill our various needs is something that allows us to survive and thrive.
And so he, and this is before the explosion in evolutionary psychology, he's really making this linkage between freedom and our ability to thrive and to be able to live the lives that we'd like to live.
So psychologists have explored the many different ways in which people try to reassert their autonomy when someone tries to take it away.
Basically, people are saying, you're not the boss of me, effectively, when they're feeling psychological reactants.
One such response is called the boomerang effect.
What is the boomerang effect, Ben?
This is the classic psychological reactants response.
So the boomerang is when somebody tells you to do something or to not do something, and you do the exact opposite.
So this is me telling my son, hey, you can't have another cookie.
You've already had seven, and him going and grabbing the entire package of cookies and eating all of them at the same time.
I want to play some tape for you.
This is CBS Basketball Commentator Gary Parrish, talking about how during the COVID pandemic, National Basketball Association player Rudy Gobert responded to public health restrictions while doing press conferences with reporters who were positioned at least six feet away.
And so people put mics on the table in front of Rudy Gobert and from a distance, you ask your questions, he answers them.
And then it's all captured on video.
Before he leaves the media room that he was in, he makes a point to touch every microphone, like almost mocking the idea that this is happening.
And he's having to deal with it in this way.
And then, of course, not long later, he is diagnosed with coronavirus and the entire NBA is shut down.
So I have to say, Ben, this sounds like the boomerang effect in action.
Yeah, so my recollection was, you know, he's being asked all these questions about what's gonna happen to the NBA, the league's gonna shut down, all this stuff.
And it's quite uncertain at this point.
And the rumor at least was that he licked one of the microphones, sort of on the way out.
And again, I find that so funny, but at the same time, it makes a lot of sense.
Like his and all the other players livelihood.
And the thing they care the most about perhaps is being threatened.
They don't know what's gonna happen, right?
It's possible at that point that everything was shut down, which of course it did.
But he's feeling this reactance response, you know?
He's like, oh my God, I gotta do something to get my freedom back.
Yeah. I understand that researchers in North Carolina, once carried out a study that looked at college students, alcohol consumption, when the legal drinking age in the state was raised from 18 to 21.
So students between the ages of 18 and 20 had previously been able to drink legally, and then that freedom was taken away.
What happened, Ben? This is a classic study.
And so the folks who are affected by the change in this law responded differently, right?
They wanted to drink more, they did drink more.
They were the ones who experienced reactance to the change in the love.
And to take us back to something we just talked about, I think this really illustrates the importance of vested interest or stake or importance in arousing psychological reactance, right?
The folks who weren't affected by the law, like whatever, they don't care, it's not affecting me.
But the people that this directly impacted, who, particularly who became newly illegal to drink, were like, whoa, this is an impingement on my freedom, I gotta do something to get this back.
One of the points that Jack Bram makes is that when people have freedom or have autonomy in some realm, they become very protective of it if that freedom or autonomy is taken away.
So it's one thing not to have freedom in the first place, but when you've had a freedom, and then it's taken away, that feels especially painful.
Absolutely. And so these are, again, folks who have done this behavior, right?
This is clearly to them a free behavior.
And, you know, we've, many of us have been college students.
We know that drinking for many people is a big part of being a college student.
So this is clearly something that's central to their identity.
It's part of their college experience.
So to have it and have it entirely removed in that fashion, it makes perfect sense, right?
Thinking of it from a reactant's perspective, it makes perfect sense that that would be the response.
This is to use your word from earlier at perfect illustration of a boomerang effect.
I understand that you yourself have experienced the boomerang effect as a dog owner?
Oh, gosh, yes. So I am oddly a very relaxed, calm person, but at the same time, certain things really make me reactant.
And so one of those things, for whatever reason, are restrictions on athlete dogs.
And we have a very well-trained dog who I'd like to take off leash with me everywhere.
So any sign that says all dogs must be on leash at a park or wherever you are makes me extremely reactant.
Give me some examples of how this is manifested.
I understand that where you live now in Berkeley, the flouting of rules is almost never a problem.
But when you lived in LA, the vibe was somewhat different.
So in Berkeley, people have dogs off leash everywhere.
Go running with the dog off leash.
Every park that we take the dog to has a sign that says dogs must be on leash.
And there's like 50 dogs there off leash.
Police drive by, nobody cares.
As you said, we lived in Los Angeles for a long time and we lived right across the street from a park.
Seemed like a logical place to take dogs off leash.
We'd go to the park and afternoon, people would be congregating with their dogs.
And it was like being at a keg party when you're underage.
Somebody'd be on lookout for the cops to drive by.
And as soon as a cop would drive by, like everybody would find their dog, put them on leash and scatter.
And it was just a wild experience.
So adjacent to this park, there was a tennis court.
Fully fence tennis court.
I figured, and again, I'm trying to flout these rules because reactants, I figured it's fully fenced.
I can take my dog in here.
So one morning before I go to work, before I go teach, I take the dog in there to throw the ball for her a little bit.
She needs to run around.
She's a puppy at the time.
She's not to exercise. So I'm in the midst of throwing the ball and a policeman.
And we're not talking like a security guard.
It's like a true policeman from the area where he lived pulls up to the tennis court and basically comes in and says, I'm so sorry, sir, you have to put your dog on leash.
A neighbor called and reported that you had your dog off leash in the tennis court.
And I'm thinking to myself, it's, and I actually said to the policeman who was quite nice, I said, look, like I need her to run around somewhere.
I can't go to the park. This is fully fenced.
Like we're not harming anybody by doing this.
Nobody's using this court at the time.
It's like mid-morning.
And he says, yeah, I'm just doing my job.
I'm so sorry, you're going to have to get out of here.
So whatever, I pack up the dog, walk across history to go home.
You can take a guess as to what I did the next day, which, of course, was go back to the tennis court and let the dog run around off leash again.
I didn't get caught that time.
But I was like, you know what?
Screw that guy. I'm going back.
So besides the boomerang effect, reactants can sometimes change how people evaluate products or activities.
The city of Miami wants banned phosphate laundry detergents because they were bad for the environment.
But researchers then tracked how folks in Miami came to think of phosphate laundry detergents compared to people in other cities in Florida.
Right. So the people in Miami who had had the use of phosphate detergents banned come to like them more.
They come to rate them more positively.
And again, this is another classic reactants finding that when you've restricted somebody's freedom to choose to do something, particularly, as you mentioned, before something they had done in the past.
These are folks who had the ability to use whatever detergent they wanted that their response is going to be quite profound.
And in this case, they're like, no, no, no, no, no.
Give me the thing. I like that thing.
Give it back to me. I want it.
So to me highlights exactly what you said.
We often conceive of reactants as this boomerang effect.
I'm doing something to get back my freedom.
But there's really another suite of responses that people can have, one of which is this attitudinal response.
This like, well, if I can't have this thing, I'm going to really come to like it.
Like I really want this now that you've told me I can't have it.
And of course, maybe a week before the ban, people aren't even aware of what's in their laundry detergent.
But now you tell them I'm taking it away.
Suddenly, people say, I really like my phosphate laundry detergents.
Yeah, exactly. So this makes it so salient to people that, whoa, wait a minute.
I could do whatever I wanted in this regard before.
And now you're telling me, I can't.
No, that's not how this thing is going to work.
Another way reactants can manifest itself is that people get angry at the individual or institution that is restricting them.
Sociologists have found that when a government officially endorses a religion, people living in that country may respond by feeling resentment toward that religion because their ability to autonomously choose their own faith has been compromised.
Can you talk about this idea that one more manifestation of reactants is just we get really mad at the people who are trying to take our autonomy away?
This study was so cool. And we came across this study.
We were asked to write a chapter about reactants in religion, which was like totally out of my comfort zone and my co-authors comfort zone.
But it took us into this entirely different literature, you can see how well, and this is from a huge sample, how well their data align with reactants predictions, that in states that endorse a state-wide religion, that really threatens people's freedom of choice of how and what they'd like to practice.
So it makes sense that people living in these kind of places would, as they found in study, report things like less religious attendance and being less highly identified with their religious group.
And you can broaden the scope, I think, of this, to think a little bit about other state mandated or kind of county school-wide mandated things where mandating something in this way often has the opposite effect.
It drives people away from whatever you're trying to mandate them to do.
So closer to home, Ben, I understand that you found that your five-year-old son responds in a distinctive way when you try to set limits on his freedom.
Can you give me some examples of what he does?
I wish I could tell you about times when I didn't arouse reactants in my son.
The best thing to me about thinking about reactants and kids is that so many of kids' responses are not commensurate what you've been asking them to do.
And so they have these outlandish responses to our seemingly benign requests of them.
So for example, I was asking my son the other day to put on socks before school, a seemingly reasonable request.
And so I asked him this question like, 15 times.
And finally, he's like, I've had enough, dad.
This is making me extremely reacting.
And he launches his socks and his shoes, which luckily were rubber crocs, and not we're going to hurt anybody.
Launches them at me. And I'm like, OK, dude, I get it.
You're reacting so badly to me asking you to put socks on.
And I'm assuming this must be the case when you're trying to tell him to get to bed or restricted the amount of candy he's eating.
I mean, anything and everything, this is a common print for the park, which of course he's having fun.
He's riding a scooter. And I'm like, dude, we got to go help mom with dinner.
Like, we got to go. We're already running late.
And so I'm asking and asking and asking him.
And he just perceives this as such an impingement on his freedom to stay and hang out at the park.
And he goes, you are the worst daddy in the world, which like, of course I know he doesn't really believe, but it's like we talk in reactants about source derogation, like talking crap about the source of the restriction.
And it was like, whoa, he's really derogating the source in this case.
So you explained that one of the things that drives reactants is how much we care about the thing where we feel our autonomy is being threatened.
Another factor that influences the intensity of our reactants has to do with our perceptions of the intent of the authority figure who is restricting our freedom.
Can you explain this idea, Ben?
Absolutely. And I'm importantly, I would say it doesn't even have to be an authority figure.
I think this is one of the reactants theory propositions that I find has the most implications.
Because if you think about it, almost any of our social interactions have some component of persuasion, right?
We're trying to get people to believe what we believe, to go along with us, to comply with or asking them.
And so the thought is that just perceiving, just my thinking, wait a minute, Shunker trying to persuade me to do something or act in a certain way, just that perception is profound enough of an affront to our freedom to make us be reactant.
And in turn, we're going to push back, right?
Either attitude, newlier behavior, we're going to push back against whatever that request is or whatever the persuasion target is.
And I guess if we perceive that the person who is trying to influence us, in fact, is trying to influence us.
And otherwise, they deliberately trying to change our view about something.
I now perceive this as a more direct assault on my autonomy.
And presumably, my reactance is going to be higher.
100%. If it's really clear that somebody is trying to convince you to believe in their side of a political debate or trying to persuade you to come and eat vegan with them or whatever, if it's really, really evident, then absolutely.
The reactance is going to be higher.
And this has been borne out in reviews and meta-analyses that have shown like this is quite a strong effect, right?
As soon as we perceive somebody's trying to persuade us, particularly in this really strong and clear way that we are pushing back, we do not like our freedom to be taken away from us in that way.
So we've been talking about the various situational factors that can affect the intensity of the psychological reactance we feel.
Do you think there might be a gender component to it?
I mean, many of the examples of psychological reactance that we've talked about involve men.
And that might be my stereotype that men are more prone to reactance than women.
Is there any true to that?
To be sure that fits our stereotype.
And unfortunately, there hasn't been a ton of research on this specific question.
And I think my observations certainly align with yours.
And there are a few studies out there that would suggest, particularly on trait reactance, which we were just talking about, that men tend to be more prone to reactance in women.
But there's also some studies on the other side that show there's no difference.
So my observations align with yours.
I'm not sure we have the data to claim that that's an evidence-based conclusion.
My intuition is that you're probably right, though.
So as a psychologist who had been studying reactance for years, when the COVID pandemic hit in 2020, you said that the restrictions that were put in place in some ways created a perfect storm in terms of generating psychological reactance.
How so been? Well, mandating anything is tough, right?
Mandating anything you're going to run into reactants as we've been talking about.
You're going to run into people who say, no, no, no, this doesn't apply to me.
Quit taking away my freedom of behavior.
I'm not going to do it. I'm not going to comply.
And when you're telling people to wear a mask, they feel I've been walking around for years without a mask.
And you're taking away that freedom.
When you're asking people to socially distance, people are saying you're taking my freedom away.
When you tell people to get vaccinated, people say, you know, it's my body, my choice.
And in all of these cases, you really have the same pattern of people feeling like their autonomy is being, is undefire.
A hundred percent you do.
And if you think back to some of those early recommendations, I remember walking around and seeing signs on stores that said, you must wear a mask to enter.
Actually here at Dominican, we had signs on the campus door that said, you must be vaccinated, you must wear a mask to enter these buildings.
And you know, like I was following the guidelines as I think most people were, but it's so clear that would be in a front to many people's freedoms, right, to your point.
I've got into stores my whole life without a mask.
I've come to work without a mask my whole life.
So to feel like you're now telling me what I must do when I come to do these things I've done for many years is a really tough proposition.
Yeah. And many people I think responded, not just saying, I'm not going to follow the rules, but they responded with anger.
They responded saying, you know, this is an outrage.
Yeah. I mean, you saw that play out, especially with travel, right, I mean, travel, I think, became such a flashpoint as people were arguing about masking or not wanting to follow some of these guidelines.
And it was like, I remember taking probably my first flight after, you know, sort of post or really, it was during COVID, 2021 or something.
And most people were following the rules, but there were a handful of people that were like, you know, had their mask under their nose or like, would take it off to eat something on the plane and then they just would leave it off for a really long time.
And it's like, that's a pretty keen way of reasserting your freedom, right?
You're wearing your mask in air quotes, but you've now just figured out a way to take it off for a little bit and get back some of that autonomy.
Now, it's important to offer a disclaimer or two here, Ben.
There are authoritarian regimes that are so powerful that everyone falls in line because they're afraid that they're going to get sent to prison or be shot if they don't comply.
But it's also the case that sometimes people embrace authority figures and voluntarily surrender their freedoms.
Why would this be the case?
So some of the work we've done is actually approach this exact question.
One factor it seems is the level of uncertainty that people feel about their ability to live their lives as they would like.
They're uncertain about their future, about their present, where maybe they're going to feed their family or where they're going to work.
And so in this context, it does seem from some of the work that we've done that when people feel uncertain, they are less reactant to these sort of authoritarian kind of demanding type messages, which I think to your point has some quarrel areas with these authoritarian regimes, right?
So with people that are living under this kind of duress feel uncertain about the future, they feel uncertain about their lives and their ability to handle whatever's coming their way in life, they might be like, you know what, I don't need any freedom.
I just need somebody to tell me how to survive, right?
And how to kind of get through this feeling, this distinct feeling of uncertainty.
You know, I'm thinking about Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs pyramid here, and I know that work is somewhat dated and contested today.
But if you buy his idea that we have basic needs for food insecurity and then higher needs for autonomy and self-determination, reactants might be something that's more common at the higher end of the pyramid.
When you actually have your basic needs taken care of, now you can get mad at someone if they are hurrying you as you're taking a three point turn.
But for people who have more pressing needs, needs about home and security and safety, is it possible that that's a point where you don't care so much about autonomy, you just care about those basic needs being met?
There does seem to be a sort of privileged component, I think is what you're getting at when you say that, right?
Like yes, I have the privilege to become reactant about a three point turn, whereas somebody who doesn't know where the next meal is coming from isn't gonna be reacting about the same things.
And I wonder if reactants is a core human motivation, but we've primarily only studied it with people that are sort of have the privilege to be reactant to, like some of the classic studies would give people a choice of a painting and then tell them they couldn't have it, right?
It's like that's a very privileged kind of thing, a privileged way to test that idea.
So I wonder how much of it is that we haven't tested it with folks who have somewhat less privilege and how much of it is that we just don't experience if that those lesser levels of privilege.
When we come back, how to craft messages that are less likely to trigger psychological reactants.
You're listening to Hidden Brain, I'm Shankar Vedanta.
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Ben, I understand that one strategy for preventing reactants is to pay attention to the language we use.
Researchers once studied the effects of two kinds of anti-drinking messages that were aimed at college students.
One set of messages said there was conclusive evidence that drinking was bad, and that, quote, any reasonable person must acknowledge these conclusions.
Others were given the same data about the risks of alcohol, but were told you may wish to carefully consider the evidence.
What were the differences between these messages, and how did they go over?
So this is a really seminal study in the reactants literature, and it set off a cascade of new way to study reactants, and this messaging context that you mentioned.
So one of the messages you briefly summarized had this very strong language, sort of strong-handed, you must not do this thing, right?
The other message is a little bit softer in the way that it's portrayed, and the difference that they find and has been found over and over again in the years' sense is that people who are exposed to those really strongly worded, those highly controlling messages, have much more reactants to the message than people who are exposed to a slightly more softly worded
message, right? That says you should consider or things like that, versus the you must kind of wording.
And of course, when I'm thinking about the COVID pandemic, what we heard most often was the very strong language, right?
We heard mandates. Yeah, and that was one of my biggest critiques, honestly.
For a long time, I think it was on a soapbox yelling at no one talking about this, but yeah, that was one of my biggest critiques.
It's like we could so easily reduce the amount of freedom threat and amount of reactants that at least many people feel in response to these messages simply by saying it a little bit more softly, right?
Not you must wear a mask here, but please consider wearing a mask here, right?
Like that comes across so much more differently.
It was also the case that sometimes we would hear a recommendation from public health authorities and then that recommendation would change in the following weeks and months.
And of course, this happened because the situation was highly uncertain and it wasn't entirely clear what we should do, but talk about the effect that this had in terms of psychological reactants.
I think this waffling back and forth between recommendations made it all the more likely that people would be reactant to being told you must do something, right?
Last week you told me I must not wear a mask and now this week you're telling I must wear a mask like where does the answer lie?
So it became easier, I think, for a lot of people just to flout all of the recommendations, right?
Just to write off all of the recommendations.
And it really decreased the amount of, I think, trust and the amount of authority really that the CDC and other messaging, you know, public health messaging organizations had to tell people what to do or to instruct them about what they should be doing.
So when you tell people you should consider wearing a mask instead of you must wear a mask, the difference that I'm hearing is that the low controlling language underlines and supports people's autonomy.
Is that the idea here, Ben?
Absolutely the idea that by not mandating people do something, we're reminding them that ultimately it's up to them, right?
And that's actually one of the lines that you'll see in a lot of these more low controlling messages in some of the experimental work.
They'll say some stuff about how you should consider this or this.
And then the last line, we've used this in some of our studies, the last line is like, but ultimately the choice is yours, right?
And so it really puts the onus back on people, it gives them their autonomy back, right?
It gives them their freedom to make a decision back while also informing them of what they should normatively be doing.
Another strategy to avoid reactants is to offer people choices.
One study looked at interventions to protect people from skin cancer.
Tell me what the study did and what it found.
So in this study, the authors gave people an option saying you could use sunscreen, wear protective clothing, instead of asking people to do both of these things, right?
And so giving them a choice, giving them options was enough to reduce the amount of reactants that they experience in response to the message.
And I think this strategy for reactants' reduction is particularly applicable, right?
Because rather than asking your friend or your kid to do this one particular thing, you might say, hey, how about we do one of these couple of things, right?
And I think they're going to be more likely to respond in a positive way.
There's multiple options for fulfilling this request.
I mean, I think that's really what is it the nut of this idea and the nut of this study is that you have a variety of ways in which you can conquer the virus.
You have a variety of ways in which you can comply with this request I'm making of you, rather than just one.
Right. And what I'm taking away from this is that when you give people choices, sometimes you're actually giving people choices, but sometimes perhaps all you're doing is you're giving people the illusion of a choice, but the illusion of a choice gives people the opportunity to exercise a certain degree of autonomy.
I remember when my own child was small, there were some parenting books that recommended giving your child closed options.
So you asked the child, would you like to go to sleep in five minutes or 15 minutes?
You're not asking the child, would you like to go to bed, period?
You're just saying the options are five minutes, 15 minutes, you have the autonomy to choose.
Yeah, perfect example, right?
So we're not saying, hey, do whatever the heck you want, but we're saying here are some very specific ways in which you can fulfill my request.
Or in which you can comply with what I'm asking you to do, that I've chosen, right?
I've selected because all of these will meet my aims as the requester, but I know that offering you a handful of ways to do it will reduce the amount of reactants you feel and make it less likely that you're going to push back and not do any of the things I want you to do.
So like many aspects of our behavior, one reason reactants might be so powerful is that people are usually not aware that they're behaving reactively.
So the parent really does seem like a party pooper to the kid.
The manager really does appear clueless to the employee.
One way to avoid psychological reactants that you and others have studied is to get people to notice that they are experiencing reactants, to warn them ahead of time that they may experience this phenomenon.
How would this work then?
So these kind of studies are all about inoculation.
And I think this is such a fun idea because it inoculates somebody just like a vaccine inoculates us, prepares us for the arrival of some pathogen.
And in this case, we're thinking of reactants like a pathogen.
So if we tell people, hey, your freedom might be threatened by this thing I'm going to ask you to do, they tend to respond a little bit more mildly, right?
It seems to have the effect of defusing their reactants to whatever your ultimate proposition of them might be.
Another interesting technique to circumvent psychological reactants is to frame the request or the advice in the context of a story rather than in the form of instructions.
Explain how this works then.
So really the idea here is twofold.
So on the one hand, the narrative story works as a more subtle form of persuasion.
Right? In the past, earlier on in our conversation, we're talking about this really clear overt kind of persuasion and how that often doesn't work.
So if you think about a persuasive message being folded into a story with characters at the audience like or that they care about, they aren't going to notice in the same way that you're trying to persuade them that perceived persuasive intent that we talked about earlier won't quite be there in the same way.
And so the result, hopefully, is that they won't become reactant, even though you're requesting that they do something, you're trying to persuade them something, they're not going to become reactant in the same way because they're not perceiving that as a persuasive message, they're getting caught up in the story.
And so that by itself, that turning off or turning down that reactance should be enough to get people's attention and allow them more freely process the message rather than kind of tuning it out.
The second part of this is that if the narrative is well done, ideally people will come to identify with the characters in the story.
We like to listen to people that we like or who we identify with or who we perceive as being similar to.
And so that kind of getting folded up, getting caught up in that narrative can also increase persuasion and reduce reactance.
You say, Ben, that we can also leverage the power of psychological reactance for good.
How do we do that? This is such a cool and innovative approach.
And I liken it in some ways to reverse psychology.
So most of the time, you know, we're thinking reactance bad, right?
We want to avoid it. What if, and this was originally kind of pioneered by Brian Quick and colleagues.
And so Brian had this idea of like, well, what if we make the thing that we want people not to do, the source of the freedom threat.
So if we make say and they were they were studying in particular, anti smoking, right?
And trying to get people not to smoke.
So they framed in their study.
Second hand smoke as being a freedom threat.
They convinced people they were trying to persuade people to be pro smoking regulations.
So they made second hand smoke the freedom threat.
And this was the thing that they're trying to reduce, right?
So they said, look, if second hand smoke is threatening your freedom to breathe clean air and act in the way you'd like and going the places that you would like, it turns out that people come to perceive second hand smoke as a freedom threat.
And they show that they come to support clean air policies, right?
So it's really it's turning the idea of reactance on its head.
After all these years of research, do you feel like you've gotten better and more skilled at not deliciting reactance from others?
I would like to think so.
I've at the very least, if not gotten better, I've at the very least become more aware of the kinds of approaches that will arouse reactance in other people.
And the ways that I frame questions or requests to other people, that's not to say that I can entirely avoid it.
Certainly in situations with my son who again is five and a half, I find myself saying, you know, you have to do this, you must do this and immediately think to myself, that's not the right way to frame that, right?
And I think if nothing else, it's made me much more aware of the ways in which are normal day to day conversations, as well as bigger requests can elicit these, this reactance response, can can make people feel like their freedom is impinged.
And really that we should try as best we can in those interactions, particularly with people who we care about and that we love to frame things in a way that's going to make them feel autonomous, that's going to make them feel like they have volition rather than impinging upon their freedom.
Benjamin Rosenberg is a psychologist at Dominican University in California.
Ben, thank you so much for joining me today on Hidden Brain.
Thanks so much for having me, Shankar.
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We end today with a story from my sister, Shoe, my unsung hero.
This my unsung hero segment is brought to you by Discover.
Our story comes from Mass Massumoto.
Growing up, Mass was vaguely aware that he had an aunt who had been separated from the family in the 1940s.
Her name was Shizuko Sugimoto.
Shizuko had an intellectual disability and as was often done in those days, she became a ward of the state.
The family never talked about her and assumed she had passed away.
But one day in 2012, Mass got a surprising message from a funeral home worker named Renee Johnson.
She was helping to plan the funeral of a woman in hospice, a woman named Shizuko Sugimoto.
Shizuko was in her 90s. So she looked up in the 1930s, found Shizuko's name with my mom's name and proceeded to phone me so Shizuko would not die alone.
It was amazing for Renee to go through all that work when she didn't have to because she got the contract for this Shizuko Sugimoto who had no family apparently on the records and they were just going to take care of the body.
She would pass away in a very simple way but it was Renee who said no, she wanted to see if family could be reunited with this person.
When I told my mom and aunt and uncle, I said, I want you to sit down because I have this news.
And I said, remember Aunt Shizuko and they all said, oh yeah, yeah, she passed away a long time ago and I took a deep breath and I said no, Shizuko's alive.
And then everyone said no, that can't be.
That can't be right. And then I told him the story of what happened and they all paused and said we need to see her.
We need to go see her. Renee opened the door to a family secret and especially dealing with someone with a disability and in this case an intellectual disability.
For my parents' generation and grandparents, this was a secret that people had and it brought shame to a lot of people and people were treated wrongly by becoming invisible and hiding these kind of facts.
So Renee, I want to thank you for opening the door for our family to explore this dramatic history that's full of choices and circumstances beyond control.
We were forced to reexamine and probe our own family secrets and I want to thank you for that because you have changed our family history and also opened my own eyes to understand this is part of the legacy that I carry in all.
Thanks to you. Mass Massumoto of Del Rey, California.
The family did get to meet Shizuko who lived another two years after they reunited.
This segment of my own song hero was brought to you by Discover.
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