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Sunday morning in January 1996, a three -and -a -half -ton orca lulled about in a shipping container full of ice, strapped to the inside of a cargo plane, flying thousands of feet above the surface of the earth.
It's the outlandish sort of magic we take for granted, the kind that only happens because we humans have scrapped the rules of the natural world and rewritten them to our whims, making the absurd a killer whale flying into something almost ordinary.
It was Keiko, headed to his new home at the Oregon Coast Aquarium, a relatively small regional facility in Newport, a few hours southwest of Portland.
So that day was typical of the Oregon coast.
It was raining, it was windy, it was cold.
This is Diane Hammond.
I don't know what my title was, but I was pretty much press secretary to the killer whale.
You were there before Keiko arrived?
I was there long before Keiko arrived.
I was there before there was an aquarium, in fact.
Diane was one of the first staff people at the Oregon Coast Aquarium, hired by the director, Phyllis Bell, when the place was little more than an idea.
Phyllis passed away a few years ago, but she was the one who took the call from Dave Phillips' team, the call in which they made her what must have been a pretty surprising, some might even say desperate, offer.
If we were to pay to build an enormous tank at your aquarium, would you be willing to temporarily house a killer whale?
Everybody else had said no by then, we were definitely not the first approached.
There was the sense of, if you guys don't help us, we don't know what we're going to do with him.
And there may be nothing we can do for him but let him die.
Those were the stakes as far as Diane remembers them.
Life or death. For a small, fairly new aquarium in a town that was hardly a tourist destination, this was a huge opportunity.
The kind you don't turn down, even if it was only temporary.
It was the chance to tell an irresistible story, the sort anyone could get behind.
Sick whale gets a new home.
Captive whale moves a step closer to freedom.
Phyllis took it to her board, they signed off, and within a couple of months, construction crews were breaking ground on Keiko's multi -million dollar home, putting the finishing touches on it just days before Keiko landed.
And now the big day had arrived.
There were 125 news organizations from around the world there to cover the event.
And the bad weather hadn't stopped the crowds from coming.
They lined the highway to watch Keiko being pulled slowly in what was basically a giant dumpster full of ice water.
People were cheering, people had signs, Welcome Keiko, and little kids were along the highway waving.
And then the truck arrived, and the box, that was on the flatbed, pulled up to the facility.
and Keiko was lifted by Crane out of the box in a sling, a big canvas sling.
It was the first time I had seen him.
He hung in the air for what seemed like forever.
It was probably only 20 seconds, but he let out a piercing call.
People were crying.
The media was crying.
I don't think I was crying.
I think I was too tired.
You hadn't ever seen a Norco before.
What was your impression of Keiko as a specimen, as a creature?
Well, it sounds so stupid, but he's really big.
He's really big and even underweight and sick.
He was huge and something about that cry in the dark and the rain and the wind was very overwhelming.
It was so moving and disturbing at the same time.
Diane told me she was struck by a deep, almost apologetic sadness, awed by the scale of what was owed to this animal.
at the hubris of what was being attempted, the presumption of it.
We played God at that point, and I felt committed to the project and absolutely certain that we would make his life better, no matter what the outcome, just by getting him there.
The story we were telling was a beautiful story of things going right, A simple story about illness and suffering and rehabilitation.
But he was so other.
He's so not human. And it, for me anyway, gave me an overwhelming sense of responsibility to do the right thing for this animal.
That January day in Oregon, when Keiko arrived, Everyone agreed what the right thing was, to get Keiko healthy.
But as it happened, just when the goal was in sight, the consensus around that simple story would begin to fracture.
From Serial Productions and The New York Times, this is The Good Whale.
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So the plan for Keiko is rescue, rehab, release.
If getting Keiko out of Mexico had been a rescue, Oregon would be all about rehab.
To make that happen, the Free Willy Keiko Foundation assembled, at great expense, a kind of dream team of marine mammal experts, veterinarians, and trainers.
And in the beginning, they were all very clear on their goal.
When I started, the entire focus was to get Keiko well and see if we could not let him die there at the aquarium.
That's Nolan Harvey, who was in charge of Keiko's rehabilitation.
He'd moved to Newport, Oregon from an aquarium in Tacoma, where he'd been a staff biologist working with baby walruses, raising them, feeding them by hand.
Years later, they're still his favorite.
Big dogs with big flat feet, he calls them.
He even has one tattooed on his forearm.
As for whales and dolphins, Nolan had worked with them before, too.
Training and rehabbing and caring for them, including for 14 years at SeaWorld.
So he was prepared for the challenge that Keiko represented.
And though he'd heard that the whale wasn't in good shape, it wasn't until Nolan met him that he understood just how dire the situation was.
This animal's not healthy.
I mean, he really, we got him out of Mexico in time.
And I don't know if you've seen any of the old footage of when we first released him into the pool, but his body shape is what we call the worm.
You know, he had a very fat head, a very, very, very skinny body and a tail.
And that was not the ideal body.
And when he swam, he was so out of shape.
I mean, he really undulates.
Go watch his original footage when he's in the pool.
It looks like a worm, you know, moving through the water or a leech.
After this interview, I took another look at the footage, and it's true.
Keiko has a neck that you can see when he swims.
Orcas are not supposed to have necks, at least not visible necks.
I get that now. So yes, Nolan and the rest of the staff had a lot of work to do.
The good news is that in Oregon at least, there was the space to do it.
Compared to his pool at Reno Aventura, Keiko's new tank was luxurious.
150 feet long, 75 feet wide, more than three times the size of his previous confines.
The new tank was filled with 2 million gallons of filtered seawater, much colder than the water in Mexico, at a temperature they hoped would help clear up the papillomavirus Keiko had developed.
The depth was important, too.
At Reino Aventura, Keiko hadn't been able to fully submerge vertically, because the pool was too shallow.
He couldn't dive or spy hop, meaning he couldn't pop his head out of the water vertically.
But in Oregon, his tank was 25 feet deep at its deepest point, more than enough space to pop up or even flip over underwater if he wanted to.
And there was another important difference between Mexico and Oregon.
No more performances.
Visitors were still able to see Keiko, of course, and they came by the tens of thousands, but their only view of him was from below the surface of the water, from a wall of windows running along one side of the tank.
This setup underlined the mission.
Keiko wasn't an organ for the amusement of his human fans.
It was quite the opposite, in fact.
His human team, 25 staff altogether, was there for him.
His dedicated personal trainers.
We have to get our energy level up every time we come out here to work with him.
Big and high! That's not big and high, what do you call that?
Come on, pull that fluke around.
You're there, come on.
Come on, Keiko. You've got plenty of room.
Pull your tail. Atta boy.
Thank you! Keiko had work to do.
He needed to improve his muscle tone and mass, his swimming form and endurance, and, of course, he had to learn to hold his breath.
Whales in the wild can hold their breath for a quarter of an hour or longer, a skill they need in order to do deep foraging dives for fish.
When Keiko first arrived in Oregon, he could hold his breath for about three minutes.
And he'd come up, and he was huffing and puffing.
And so we started working on that.
And then we'd go, you know, a little bit longer, and we'd start seeing the three -minute, five -minute, seven -minute.
To do this, they'd have Keiko swim to a diver at the bottom of the pool who would give him the command to stay like you might do to your dog.
And Keiko would stay, in fact, until he couldn't wait any longer and had to race up to the surface for a breath.
And then there was the food.
In order to adapt to his new healthy lifestyle, Keiko had to bulk up.
New workout, new diet.
Half the aquarium's food was reserved for Keiko, which meant every morning at dawn, his care team would show up at the aquarium to chop up more than 100 pounds of fish.
One of the guys tasked with this rather unglamorous work was a no -nonsense trainer named Mark Trim.
We introduced him to salmon.
and introduced him to squid.
Mark says the goal with Keiko was to expand his diet, give him new sources of protein.
So they introduced him to different kinds of fish.
Salmon, he did okay with.
Squid and a kind of smelt called capelin, not so much.
In the very beginning, it was, you know, he would just spit the squid out into the water and the capelin.
So and then, you know, he's watching it sink and then he'd just go and pick off the capelin and then it would just rain squid down to the bottom.
Slowly, over time, Keiko learned to like squid.
He was making progress and the foundation's team of trainers and scientists were keeping track of it all.
Keiko was basically under 24 -hour surveillance.
There were multiple cameras above water and below.
They recorded the thickness of his blubber, tested his blood, measured how fast and how deep he could swim.
It's possible there has never been a more studied individual orca in the history of the world.
All that care and training yielded results.
Within several months, Keiko's appetite had nearly tripled, and he'd put on about 2 ,000 pounds, grown about 8 inches longer.
His papillomavirus had cleared up, and by the end of his first year in Oregon, he could hold his breath for 13 minutes.
Any way you looked at it, this was incredible, more than Keiko's trainers could have imagined.
And it had happened so fast.
Keiko's remarkable transformation says a lot about the quality of care he was getting but perhaps even more about Keiko's personality.
He was a good boy through and through.
Nolan says he would give him these tests in which Keiko would have to improvise, swim on his side, I had to spy hop, splash with his flukes, anything.
Go do something. Your choice.
You can do whatever you want to do, but you can't do the same thing twice.
And you can't do the same thing in a row.
Some of the things he'd do, you know, you would think, well, he knows train behaviors.
He'll just do all those.
Right. He would. But then what do you do beyond that?
You know, he'd actually have to make things up.
So to watch him start to think, I think we got up to like 38, 38 different behaviors in one training session.
He was so malleable, so eager to please, the staff even gave him nicknames to reflect that.
McFly, the cowering, bullied father in Back to the Future.
Or The Dude, the militantly laid -back protagonist of The Big Lebowski.
Trainer Mark Trim, who had worked with Killer Whales for more than a decade, had never seen anything like it.
He was just the most easygoing, just laid -back, mellow.
So I used to just shake my head and kind of laugh to myself.
And I'm like, I just can't believe what a cool critter he was.
I mean, everybody that worked with him called him the one in a million whale.
Because no matter how far my career stretches before I disappear and how long I work with marine mammals, there will never be another whale like that.
and at the end of his long strenuous days of training keiko would unwind by watching television which is i mean totally relatable celebrity whales they're just like us in keiko's case tv was therapeutic prescribed by one of his veterinarians to keep keiko stimulated after hours on those nights when no one
was around to dive with him or when he could no longer amuse himself by spy hopping out of the water to scare the security guards, which actually used to happen, by the way.
Keiko's taste in TV was pretty middle of the road.
Black and white Andy Griffith reruns, pro wrestling and action movies like Independence Day.
But as far as we know, not Free Willy.
Because of their celebrity resident, the small town of Newport, Oregon was suddenly a tourist destination, with people coming from all over the country and the world to see Keiko.
And he had quite an effect on his visitors.
One of the trainers told us Keiko caused intelligent adults to dissolve into a kind of baby talk version of themselves.
You can hear what he does to this CNN reporter who's totally fangirling as she's about to record a segment by his viewing window.
30 seconds, Jim. He's coming over.
Yes. Oh, my God. Look at this.
Look at this. Oh, my God, that's so cool.
Diane Hammond, Keiko's press secretary, told me Keiko was known to swim right up to the window, presenting his giant eye to the crowd or to one person, a kind of staring that felt like a connection.
When people were there, he didn't just kind of swim by the window casually and go off and do something else.
He was unusually present.
We used to say, when Keiko looked at you, you were seen.
And I think, by and large, people who were in his presence believed that to be true.
Seeing and being seen by Keiko was something people were willing to travel considerable distances for.
And they did. They came by the thousands.
Ticket sales were brisk, a great windfall for the Aquarium.
But really, everyone was making money.
including the town of Newport, where visitors rented cars and booked hotel rooms, ate the local restaurants, poked around the shops overflowing with Keiko paraphernalia.
It all added up. Local TV news from the era is absolutely lousy with whale puns about Keiko's impact on the economy.
By the end of Keiko's second year in Oregon, one estimate put the figure at around $75 million.
Local businesses were just having a whale of a time.
So was the Free Willy Keiko Foundation.
They had the rights to Keiko's name and licensed it out on everything.
Stuffed animals, t -shirts, all manner of black and white plastic doodads, mystical Keiko amulets, and his own brand of root beer.
PetSmart was selling Keiko adoption kits by the thousands.
The toy company Mattel made a handsome donation to the Free Willy Keiko Foundation, and in exchange was allowed to sell a special edition Keiko and Ocean Barbie.
In the commercial, Barbie dives in the water and untangles Keiko from a net.
And though no one can prove or disprove it, let's just imagine it exists.
A plastic Keiko doll bobbing somewhere in the great Pacific Ocean garbage patch.
A floating reminder of the fact that we can't shop our way out of the many environmental crises we have wrought.
Dave Phillips, the founder of the Free Willy Keiko Foundation, the guy who spearheaded the plan to move Keiko from Mexico, well, it hadn't escaped his attention that people in Newport loved this orca.
But Dave's plan had always been to get the whale to the ocean, since before Keiko even left Mexico City.
Remember, it was rescue, rehab, release.
Oregon was just a waystation, but Dave knew this wasn't going to be easy for the town to accept.
I said to myself, you know, When I first came, they gave me free rental cars.
They wanted a free place to stay.
I was given the key to the city.
And then I was like, you know what?
When it's time for Keiko to go, we're going to be the most unpopular people in town.
The way Dave saw it, the healthier Keiko got, the closer he was to leaving.
Our criteria is, when we think that he's capable of going to a C -Pen back in his home waters, If we can do that safely, that's what we want to do.
And here they were.
A year into his rehabilitation, Keiko was objectively stronger, objectively healthier.
Everyone wanted him to get better.
So, great. They'd done it.
Now what? That's after the break.
This is Sarah Koenig, host of The Serial Podcast.
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It's worth it. Keiko hadn't been in Oregon all that long when two of his main trainers started to interpret his progress differently.
Mark Trim saw Keiko's progress and yeah, was definitely impressed, but he was not convinced it meant that Keiko was ready for the ocean.
During Keiko's first six months in Oregon, the LA Times came to visit Newport.
They talked to Keiko's press secretary, Diane, to Nolan, who led rehab, to Mark.
And the article they eventually published, called Willie Went Free, But Will Keiko, raised serious concerns about the viability of Keiko's return.
One of the key quotes in the piece was from Mark.
The way he tells it, the reporter took a look at Keiko, how energetic he was, how vocal, and said...
He looks great. When's he going?
I'm like, going where?
And they said, well, back to the wild.
And my comment was, that's not a killer whale, that's a golden retriever.
And you wouldn't exactly abandon the family dog in the wilderness and expect him to thrive.
It just doesn't make sense.
But beyond Keiko's demeanor, Mark had other doubts.
The two years I was working with him in Oregon, he must have been sick six times.
Five, six times. Not something you want to see in an animal that's going to, you know, is going to spend every single day trying to find, you know, swim far enough, swim fast enough to try and find enough food to eat.
Not everyone remembers Keiko getting sick this much, but that wasn't the only thing that concerned Mark about Keiko in the wild.
It was also unclear to him if Keiko would be able to look after his most basic needs, like being able to hunt and eat live fish.
Keiko had had frozen fish dropped in his mouth basically his entire life.
He just wasn't used to having to work for it.
His trainers knew that, and so, to accommodate, they made things a little easier.
They'd smack the fish on the surface of the pool and then toss them in, alive but dazed, moving just slowly enough to be caught by Keiko, apex predator of his tank.
That seemed to work sometimes, but not always.
A frontline documentary released around this time shows his trainers watching from the window, cheering on Keiko like overeager parents at a Little League game, desperate for their child not to strike out.
Okay, there's a guy right on the bottom there.
Come on, Keiko, do it.
Do it, Keiko. Here he goes, here he goes.
There. Little late, little late.
This is it, buddy. Come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on.
Keiko's mouth is huge and powerful, and to be fair, he does come pretty close to catching the fish, but not quite.
So according to Mark Trim, this is Keiko after his first year in Oregon.
A killer whale who's unable to consistently catch fish, even after they've been slapped against the water.
Who's, yes, stronger and healthier, but still gets sick with worrisome regularity.
A good boy, eager to please his humans, a jokester, a one -in -a -million killer whale whose very uniqueness is more of a liability than an asset.
He was the absolute worst candidate selected for a project like that.
He was the worst. Out of all the killer whales in the world, you could just statistically line them up, look at them, and he is dead last.
The ocean, the actual ocean, is nothing like an aquarium with trained staff attending to your every need.
The ocean is a cruel place.
Every day in the wild is a fight for survival in dangerous, increasingly contaminated waters.
Being free is not the same thing as being safe.
If he's doing so well in Oregon, is it cruel to push him further?
If Mark had made up his mind one way, Nolan was coming to the opposite conclusion.
He felt that Keiko was essentially ready to go.
That first year, yeah, okay sure, the golden retriever thing made some sense.
Nolan even told me a story about Keiko misbehaving.
He bit through a metal pole attached to a vacuum, snapping it in half.
And after Nolan reprimanded him, Keiko swam to a corner of the pool and put himself in time out.
Time out. The aggression, one could argue, is good for a whale who may need to fend for himself in the wild.
The contrition? Not so much.
But a year later, Nolan was feeling more positive about the idea of Keiko going back to the ocean.
Keiko was in the best shape of his life, able to hold his breath about as long as an orca at sea might.
On top of that, he was beginning to sound like a whale.
I know that might seem like a small thing, but back in Mexico, Keiko wasn't very vocal.
If he vocalized at all, he wouldn't make orca sounds, but would sometimes imitate the calls his dolphin friends made.
Sometimes he seemed to mimic Mexican ambulance sirens.
In Oregon, he was vocalizing more, sometimes even echolocating, using sound to map the space around him, a skill orcas often use to find prey.
But the thing that gave Nolan the most confidence was Keiko's willingness to rise to every challenge.
Yeah, he surprised the hell out of me.
I mean, he really, he did things that I never expected him to do and didn't think was possible.
Everything I threw at him, he not only took it, he took it further.
I did my damnedest and he responded.
In this way, the same quality that worried Mark Trimm, Keiko's agreeable, down -for -whatever attitude, Nolan saw it as an asset.
It made him confident that with the right guidance, Keiko could do anything, including live in the wild.
Diane Hammond agreed.
By the way, she and Nolan were now a couple, had fallen in love telling the story of Keiko's rehabilitation together, the story of his progress.
The Keiko they knew was not only ready to move on, but had to move on.
He had moments of aggression.
He beat the hell out of some of his toys, for instance.
He was bored. Bored animals get into trouble.
So I felt I could see that some of his needs weren't being adequately met in that pool.
And he was no longer a golden retriever.
He was a killer whale.
I mean, from the outside, it looks like, why didn't you just keep him there?
Then you end up with another full -size killer whale, alone in the world, with nothing, you know, no companions, because nobody else is going to give you a killer whale to put in with him.
There actually was an effort to find another orca to live with Keiko, but it didn't pan out.
And I suppose that's the other version of this argument.
Not safety versus freedom, but boredom versus freedom.
One pool can be better than another, but a big tank is still a tank, and an enormous tank is still not the ocean.
So if you're going to condemn an orca to live alone in a pool for the rest of his life, you better be damn sure there's no other option.
By the spring of 1997, the rift between those who thought Keiko was ready to go to the ocean and those who thought he might never be ready was widening.
On one side was the aquarium's director, Phyllis Bell, who was unsurprisingly arguing Keiko needed more time at the aquarium.
On the other side, you had Dave Phillips and the Free Willy Keiko Foundation, saying they wanted to release Keiko back to his home waters in Iceland.
Up until now, the two institutions had shared responsibility for Keiko's care.
But in June 1997, the foundation sent a memo to the aquarium.
From that moment forward, they would no longer need aquarium staff.
Anyone who wanted to work with Keiko had to come work for them.
The lines were clear now.
It was the foundation versus the aquarium.
Diana Nolan made their choice.
They defected from the aquarium to accept positions at the foundation.
The problem was everyone on all sides of this conflict still worked in the same physical space.
Only now some of them had a different boss.
That's really where I felt that the tide turned.
That seemed to be the setoff for Phyllis.
It's like, how dare we go on our own type of thing.
And was there beef like people wouldn't sit at the lunch table with each other anymore?
Oh, we never even really spoke to each other after a while.
By early fall, Phyllis Bell, the aquarium's director had all but declared war against the Foundation She announced to the press that Keiko was sick too sick, the implication was, to be moved to Iceland All we're asking for is an independent medical evaluation We'd like to see somebody come in and do
it a team of scientists and vets that aren't affiliated with either organization and that would satisfy our needs to say whether or not Keiko is healthy or not The Foundation was appalled.
To them, this was a thinly veiled plot to keep Keiko right where he was.
In an attempt to wrest control of the narrative back from the aquarium, Dave Phillips shot back with his own presser.
In our view, the aquarium has made unsubstantiated and false claims that Keiko is not well, when in reality, the evidence shows that Keiko is well.
And it appears to us, it certainly appears to me, that this is part of an effort to undermine our activities and prevent Keiko from being released.
All the whale people I've talked to are disarmingly nice.
So the tape you just heard from Dave, it's the whale people equivalent of flipping over a table.
Make no mistake, this is a fight now.
Because, yeah, it's true that Keiko had been sick, the foundation was saying, but he was better now.
And in any case, they argued Keiko's health problems were squarely the aquarium's fault.
They were the ones who hadn't been keeping up with the water quality in his tank.
Some people even implied this was intentional sabotage, meant to make Keiko too sick to leave.
The water quality went to hell.
And it went to hell in a pretty simple way.
It would have been very easy to fix.
I believe it was deliberate.
I can't give you a date and a how, but the Oregon Coast Aquarium always had control of the water quality and the filtration of the pool.
No, not the people I knew.
And I knew everybody there.
Mark Trim, golden retriever guy, he'd left the project altogether by that point.
But he stayed in touch with the people who still worked at the aquarium and he found allegations like these absurd.
Nobody at that facility that I knew of would sanction or condone or ever intentionally reduce the water quality just because they wanted to make a point on something like that.
I mean, that animal was prone to getting sick anyway.
I mean, all you're doing is inviting disaster.
So with the state of Keiko's health in dispute, the relationship between the two organizations was tense, dysfunctional, even petty.
Eventually, the aquarium changed the locks and took away the foundation's keys so that Keiko's staff could only access their whale during normal business hours and otherwise had to fetch someone to let them inside.
By the fall, the feud was national news, getting coverage in The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and USA Today, where it was described as a, quote, big money power struggle.
How exactly you might explain all this bickering to children, Keiko's first and most devoted fans, is unclear, but it's no longer the same story it once was.
We're far now from the simplistic but effective emotional punch of the movie's climax, far from Mexico's noble sacrifice in search of the sick whale they loved, far even from the consensus of just a few months prior, when everyone was united in the goal of making Keiko well again.
it's not surprising that in the midst of all this disagreement someone would try asking keiko directly what he wanted bonnie norton was an animal communicator one of several who claimed to speak with keiko regularly she transcribed their conversations which she later published in a book called keiko
speaks by bonnie norton and keiko according to bonnie keiko seemed to side with the aquarium saying quote, I love it here.
I am happy here. They know in their hearts I am better off here.
They want me to be something I am not.
I am not a wild whale.
I am Keiko. And Bonnie didn't sit on this knowledge.
As Keiko's departure from Oregon began to seem imminent, she organized a protest outside the aquarium.
She carried a sign that on one side read Keiko plus Iceland equals too risky.
On the other, it read Keiko loves the children.
A local news station covered the event.
Hi, can I give you some information as to why it's risky for Keiko to go to Iceland?
Most doubt her animal connections, but some don't disregard Norton's notion.
Maybe Keiko should stay.
The people of Newport may have sympathized with her cause, but no one else joined the protest that day.
Literally no one. Maybe they understood it was simply too late.
As far as Keiko's health was concerned, ultimately, a blue ribbon panel made up of eight consulting veterinarians was convened to make an assessment.
They gave Keiko the all clear.
He was healthy. And now, someone had to make a choice.
had to decide once more what was best for Keiko.
Legally, that was the foundation.
They owned the whale, and they chose home.
It was where the story was always leading anyway, what they'd been preparing for since Keiko had boarded the plane from Mexico.
He was never going to stay in Oregon.
He was going to Iceland, whether he wanted to or not.
That's on the next episode of The Good Whale.
We would take him out into the path of the wild whales, He's surfing like a dolphin.
We're going to see how this goes and how he does, and we'll be guided by that.
It just was a disaster.
Dr. Burnell was saying, you know, I think he's dead.
I think he's dead. His eyes were just bugged out of his head.
I have never, never before and never since seen a killer whale's eyes that big.
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the good whale is written by me daniel alarcon and reported by me and katie mingle the show is produced by katie and elissa ship jen guera is our editor additional editing from julie snyder and ira glass sound design music supervision and mixing by phoebe wang the original score for the good whale comes
from la chica and osman our theme music is by nick thorburn and additional music from matt mcginley research and fact checking by jane ackerman with help from ben Phelan.
Tracking direction by Elena Baker.
Susan Wesling is our standards editor.
Legal review from Alamin Sumar and Simone Procus.
Carlos Lopez Estrada is a contributing editor on the series.
The supervising producer for Serial Productions is Ndei Chubu.
Mack Miller is the executive assistant for Serial.
Liz Davis -Moor is the senior operations manager.
Special thanks this week to Peter Noah, Beverly Hughes, Mark Coulson, Bob Ratliff, Craig McCaw, and Dalia Kozlowski.
The Good Whale is from Serial Productions and the New York Times.
