This is the Global News Podcast from the BBC World Service.
Hi, I'm Ankur Desai and it's 16 Hours GMT on Tuesday 30 December.
These are our main stories.
The United Arab Emirates has agreed to end its military activities in Yemen after being given a 24-hour deadline by Saudi Arabia to pull out.
Protests are spreading in Iran over rising prices and the plummeting value of the currency.
Also in this podcast.
Mount Everest and the challenge of removing rubbish and waste from the mountains is proving almost as tough as climbing it.
And... It's got this neck collar which has spikes that are about a metre in length.
So it's sort of the length of golf clubs sticking out in various directions.
And we've never seen anything like that in any other animal.
We'll have the story of the dinosaur hunters and their 10-year investigation, which led to the discovery of a spiky punk rock dinosaur.
Thank you very much for having me.
Saudi Arabia said it had carried out an attack on the port of Mughala in southern Yemen where, it said, large quantities of weapons had been sent from the UAE, intended for the separatists.
The UAE has now agreed to end its operations in Yemen, but denied it had sent arms to the separatists, saying it was disappointed by the Saudi claims.
Iona Craig is a journalist who has lived in and reported from Yemen for 15 years.
She told Krupa Padi about the situation there.
There had already been a large convoy of UAE vehicles that had already military hardware that had arrived the previous day.
And there's been video released by Saudi Arabia and by the Saudi press agency of Saudi Arabia tracking those convoys through eastern Yemen, giving a clear indication to the UAE and their back forces in the area that they are tracking them and they're watching what they're doing.
And it seems to be a very strong message, added to by the extremely strong statement that Saudi Arabia put out following those strikes, which I think is probably more concerning in many respects than the airstrikes themselves.
The UAE continue to maintain that any shipment has not been intended to offer support to southern separatist forces.
But how serious could this get?
There were clear indications very early on that the UAE had its own goals in Yemen, particularly in southern Yemen.
It very quickly.
After getting involved, backed the southern separatist cause and then helped establish the Southern Transitional Council, which has been leading this military move into eastern Yemen over the last few weeks.
And that was strategic for the UAE.
They've taken control of large parts of the southern coast and ports, as well as islands off the coast of Yemen, been building air bases on those islands.
Whereas the priority for Saudi Arabia, particularly more recently, has been about trying to negotiate a political settlement with the Houthis in order to maintain security within the kingdom, to prevent the Houthis carrying out attacks with ballistic missiles that we saw earlier on the conflict.
Whereas the UAE's goals have been something quite different.
And This doesn't just play out in Yemen, of course.
I think we can't see this in isolation from what's been happening in Sudan in the war there as well.
The UAE, we know, is backing the RSF forces there.
Although the UAE denies it, the RSF forces that the UAE deployed inside Yemen in 2016 and 2017 were under their direct command.
I saw them on the front lines.
And of course, Saudi Arabia is on the opposite side of that conflict in Sudan.
And Saudi Arabia has been trying to push for an end to that conflict.
They've raised the issue in Washington with Donald Trump and tried to intervene to end that.
And I think that has... created some animosity with the UAE over that issue.
And I think that's why we're seeing this, timing-wise at least, of what's happening in Yemen now is almost a form of retaliation, if you like, for Saudi Arabia's attempts to de-escalate and stop the RSF actions in Sudan.
So this has regional consequences both for Saudi Arabia and the UAE, but also interplays with events on the ground in Sudan.
Iona, millions of civilians are caught up in this war.
What has daily life become like for them?
The humanitarian situation is an ongoing problem in Yemen, and that's impacted by the conflict.
It's impacted by cutbacks in aid and the defunding of aid programs in Yemen, as well as climate conditions.
There's been severe flooding excessive flooding even by Yemeni standards during the rainy season over the last 12 months that have contributed to that.
So any kind of shock to the system that has an immediate impact on imports, particularly into the south.
Rice flour and wheat and those elements all come in by the ports into Aden for the southern population.
So if there's a shutdown of borders, there's a shutdown of the ports and there's a shutdown of the airspace, the impact of that is going to be felt extremely quickly for the civilian population, who are already struggling.
Iona Craig.
Protests are continuing for a third day in Iran against rising prices and an increase in the price of foreign currency.
Students from several universities have joined the demonstrations which were started on Sunday by shopkeepers and market stallholders.
Tehran province has been the centre of the protests.
Parts of Tehran markets are also closed.
David Bamford reports.
These are the largest demonstrations since the Women Live Freedom protest three years ago, sparked by the death of an Iranian woman, Maksa Amini, while in police custody.
Today, students from the major universities in Tehran, including Sharif and Beheshti, have joined the protests.
A strike continues in Tehran's Grand Bazaar and commercial districts, with merchants keeping shops closed.
There's also fresh unrest in the central city of Isfahan, where students from the University of Technology have taken to the streets.
Ostensibly these are protests about food price increases of up to 70 year on year and soaring inflation.
The security forces have deployed heavily, but videos show them pulling back amid the public anger.
State media say Iran's president, Masr al-Pezashkian, urged his own government to listen to what he called the legitimate demands of the protesters and make reforms.
Some in the crowd can be heard shouting political slogans calling for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic.
Slogans that can be heard include Death to the Dictator, targeting Supreme Leader Khamenei, the real power in Iran, and This is the Final Battle.
Pahlavi Will Return, a reference to the family of the ruling Shah of Iran ousted in the late 1970s.
David Bamford with that report.
Being a small island off the coast of China, fully aware that Beijing has a mind to invade, you must be intimidating at the best of times.
And it's likely even more so when this is going on.
Jet planes launching and the firing of rockets as China's People's Liberation Army, or the PLA, enters its second day of military drills around Taiwan.
The war games are simulating the seizure and blockade of key parts of the self-governing island, which Beijing claims as its own territory.
So how is this going down in Taiwan?
These people at a market in Taipei are remaining stoic.
The intimidation effect isn't that strong for us.
This isn't something new.
They threaten all the time.
China threatens any country it sees as a threat.
I don't think there's much impact.
People are still going out, so it doesn't really affect anything.
For us personally, no matter what's happening overhead, life still has to go on.
Taiwan's defence ministry has called on countries around the world to condemn the drills.
It says it's spotted dozens of boats and planes near the island and that 27 rockets have been fired in its northern and southwestern waters.
As our China correspondent, Stephen McDonald, told me, despite a relaxed attitude in some parts of Taiwan, these war games do have real-world implications.
Domestic flights from Taiwan's main island to these offshore islands have been cancelled.
Around 6,000 passengers were inconvenienced because of that.
The Taiwanese government has said that this is potentially illegal because of all those disruptions.
That said, people know it's only going on for a couple of days and they'll get on with their lives.
However, there will be some in Taiwan who would be worried that...
It's ramping up.
You know, you can't just ignore that these exercises are taking place.
They are, after all, a dress rehearsal for a blockade of Taiwan, a potential invasion in the future of Taiwan.
So yeah, there would be some people who are worried that they're taking place and the government in Taipei has condemned them.
But for the ordinary people in the street, yeah, they're just getting on with their lives.
And, like you say, there are people, some observers, who believe that China does have the capacity to invade as early as 2027.
Yes, I think most observers would say that the PLA could take taiwan if it wanted to, unless the us got involved in japan and others.
But just so they didn't.
Militarily they could.
The problem is, what the taiwanese government is is factoring in is there is the cost of doing that, so it's no cakewalk.
You've got to get across the taiwan strait with landing craft and they're practicing that as we speak.
But But you know, death destruction all round.
China's reputation would be in the toilet.
China would have international sanctions on it.
I mean not to mention the fact that the Chinese government has to explain to its own people why we're killing our brothers and sisters from that rogue province in order to get them to join the family again.
That's a bit of a hard sell if there are all these dead people on the beaches, not to mention all the dead soldiers from the PLA.
It would be an awful thing for it to happen.
And so this is what the Taiwanese government's trying to do.
They're not thinking we can beat the PLA.
They're just thinking we can have such a solid defence that the cost will be so high that that the Chinese government won't go ahead and do it because it just wouldn't be worth it.
Stephen, you mentioned Taiwan's response.
What about Taiwan's allies?
What would they be making of this?
Well, Donald Trump didn't seem to care at all.
He was asked about this.
He said, oh, I'm not so worried.
I've seen these exercises before and was totally downplaying it.
Of course, what he's not taking into account is that these are not the exercises of years gone by.
Since 2022, the exercises have really ramped up on all sides of Taiwan, with many more ships, many more planes.
I mean, this time round we're talking about destroyers, the rocket force land-based missile launches, land-based rocket launches.
I mean, you know, it's a vast exercise.
These are not the exercises of 20 years ago.
They are becoming more and more significant.
Stephen McDonnell reporting from Beijing.
Since South Korea was thrown into turmoil after the former president announced martial law a little more than a year ago and the subsequent leadership change.
The new government has announced a range of measures against unfair business practices.
Now the authorities are targeting companies that are exerting undue influence over the country's markets.
They could be facing fines of up to $7 million.
I spoke to our correspondent in Seoul, Jake Kwon, and asked him whether that would be enough to deter big firms.
This has been the question for many years now.
It was always considered too little to prevent this problem.
And every year it seems that we have headlines of companies perhaps colluding with their competitors to engage in price fixing.
There has also been a few high profile cases of large companies kind of throwing their weight around with their smaller suppliers and involving themselves and telling these smaller suppliers to share their trade secrets or to tell them whether they can engage with any other companies or not dictating what they should do with their businesses.
So there has been this growing notion that the government needs to really up the punishment to prevent these things from happening.
So the new president is saying that the fine needs to be at a level where these companies believe that rule-breaking will lead to their ruin.
How key is this in terms of the role of the new president, showing that there is change happening in South Korea after everything that's happened over the last 12 months in particular?
I mean the new president.
His message since he got into the office after the martial law has been that Korea is now open for business, that everything is going back to normal again.
This is a thriving democracy with a free market.
Now, the second part, President Lee Jae-myung, he has to raise the economy.
This is his main agenda.
Since COVID, the country, the economy has been quite stagnant and he has a local election coming up next year which will be very, very important for him.
So one thing he wants to really do is buoy the stock market.
And one way he could do that in a very short term is to introduce all kinds of market reforms to really deliver the message that South Korea is a fair place to do business and to invest.
And that market also had somewhat responded to this messaging.
I mean, if you look at Korea's main market index KOSPI, it went up 75 this year, which is an astounding number.
It beat out all the major markets around the world.
So for Mr. Yi, this is a winning move and we can expect Mr. Yi to continue in this path.
Jake Kwon in Seoul.
Despite recent diplomatic activity, including led by the US, a peace deal for Ukraine still seems some distance off.
But one factor that could influence Moscow's position is their battlefield losses.
A new analysis suggests that over the past 10 months, Russian losses on the front line have been growing faster than any other time since the start of the full-scale invasion more than three years ago.
BBC News Russian has been counting Russian war dead, alongside the independent outlet MediaZone and a group of volunteers since February 2022.
Olga Ishvina is from the BBC's Russian service.
What we have seen is in 2025.
First of all, the number of obituaries have been the highest ever and it's, on average, 40 higher than compared to the previous year.
And the second thing we have seen is that the months with the biggest spike coincide with the months where the most intense negotiation between the US and Russia have been going on.
The first spike happened in February 2025.
That's exactly the time when US and Russia started their first negotiations about a possible peace deal.
Then it lowered a little bit.
And then another huge spike was in August, when another round of negotiations have started, when Putin have visited Alaska and met in person with Donald Trump.
And in October, when another round of negotiations was supposed to happen in Budapest.
The number of obituaries published per day sometimes reached 320, 350.
This is twice as much as the average in 2024.
So it's hard to refer those spikes to exact dates, but we can refer it to certain months.
And it seems that it has been part of the Russian strategy to get maximum advantage on the front line just before the negotiations or during the negotiations, to use it as a leverage during the talks.
It's not just I mean the numbers sort of show it, but it is also Russian officials themselves who hinted it.
For example, In December, the ID to Vladimir Putin, Yuri Shrakov, said that recent successes on the battlefield helped them to succeed in negotiations as well.
Olga Evshina.
Still to come on this podcast.
It's sad that it's coming to an end, but in one way or another, it'll be OK.
New things happen.
It's a time of change.
So personally I think it'll be OK, even if it's sad.
But you can't stop change why the Danish Postal Service will stop delivering letters ending centuries of service.
Picture this, Mount Everest.
You're likely thinking of a beautiful snow-topped peak.
You might not be picturing some 50 tonnes of rubbish.
That though, is sadly the reality for the world's highest mountain, with abandoned tents, plastic bottles and oxygen tanks littering its camps.
Now an 11-year-old scheme to try to tackle the problem has been cancelled because the authorities say it simply wasn't working.
Our environment correspondent Navin Singh Karga is a man who's climbed Everest and told me more about the scheme and why it's been scrapped.
So what it required climbers to do was pay this deposit money 4000 before they embarked on this expedition.
And then if they brought back at least eight cages of trash, then they would get that.
That was the idea.
So when I spoke to these officials, all of them were saying that you know, most of the money was refunded, meaning they got the clearance letter.
They brought the trash back.
So why is then still the trash is piling up on Everest?
What they tell me is climbers tend to bring back only trash from the lower camps, not the higher camps.
The higher camps, you know, that's where the real issue is.
And the checkpoint is just above the base camp, meaning only lower camps were cleared.
Higher camps still a big deal.
And that's why they thought that they should scrap it altogether.
Right.
OK.
But the authorities aren't giving up.
They are going to recycle this scheme in some way to pardon the pun.
What's that going to be?
So what they're saying now is, you know, they are introducing a fee which is a non-refundable fee, compulsory to be paid.
It won't be returned.
But then the Sherpas, the Sherpa community in particular.
They're happy because what they said was to keep the mountain clean and to monitor if this is happening or not.
They didn't have the fund.
Now what happens is they will have the fund, and that means they can set up a checkpoint high up in the mountain.
And also there will be mountain ranges who can go up and check and come back, back and forth.
That's the idea.
But this thing will have to be enacted as a law, and it will have to be passed by the parliament, and then things might start running.
And just how likely is this to be successful in your experience?
And just how bad is the problem, especially for the environment up there?
It's horrible, to be honest.
In the wake of this growing number of climbers, it's getting very, very difficult.
What I'm told by operators is there's this cutthroat competition.
As a result, what happens is many climbers, many expedition operators.
They tend to take up cheap things like cheap tents and they just trash them there.
But Sherpas think that if they have the money, they can do things.
We'll have to see that.
That was our environment correspondent Navin Singh Khadkar.
Now, more than a decade after Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 disappeared, a search for the aircraft is expected to begin in a remote part of the Indian Ocean.
239 people were on board the plane when it vanished, an hour after takeoff from Kuala Lumpur en route to Beijing.
The plane's disappearance has remained one of the biggest aviation mysteries.
Our global affairs reporter Ambaras Nethirajan told us more.
It still remains as one of the biggest mysteries and people are wondering how, in this modern day and age, with all the technology, a plane with 239 passengers just disappeared from the screen, and also all these years they were trying to find it and they were not even able to go anywhere closer.
The families of those people who died are whom? disappeared in this plane.
They are waiting for a closure.
It's not only for the families, the government, for the airline companies.
So it's one of the biggest mysteries and the air investigations history.
It's an unsolved issue.
Now, the Ocean Infinity and the company, they are now trying to start this search once again.
They did start late last year.
They called it off in March this year because of bad weather.
And there have been numerous just to remind people in the past as well, right?
Initially the three countries Malaysia, Australia and China.
They were involved in the search until 2017 and they couldn't find anything.
And then again, another search program was launched in 2018.
But it's still a mystery, because the plane abruptly turned after taking off from Kuala Lumpur about 40 minutes into the flight.
And it was last seen on Andaman Sea.
And a report in 2018.
It concluded that the plane was manually controlled to turn around, even though, I mean, it didn't talk about or specifically conclude on any sinister motive whatsoever, either by the crew or by anyone else, because there was no evidence why the transponder, which normally communicates with the civilian air traffic control, was switched off.
It's still a mystery.
And that's why they're now looking in southern Indian Ocean, based on the model that the plane could have been flying for about six more hours.
So they're going to look around 15,000 square kilometers.
It's a no-brainer find no fee contract in case.
If the company finds the wreckage, they will get about 100 million.
And it is going to be challenging because of the weather.
It is likely to last for about 55 days to two months, depending on the weather conditions.
But it also requires a lot of work using the latest technology.
But The government as well as the families.
They hope that at least this time this search company will find something.
This summer, scientists announced the discovery of one of the most bizarre dinosaurs they'd ever seen.
Unearthed in Morocco.
It's called the Spiker Mellus and was nicknamed the punk rock dinosaur thanks to the huge spikes that covered its entire body.
But the discovery of this extremely strange animal, which lived 165 million years ago, didn't come easy.
It's taken years of dinosaur detective work.
Our science editor, Rebecca Murrell, went behind the scenes at the National History Museum to find out more.
This is a story that starts with a bone.
All of this is dinosaurs.
A really bizarre bone.
Professor Susie Maidment is a paleontologist at the Natural History Museum.
We have a rib, it's a rib, and you can tell this because it's T-shaped in cross-section.
But the really weird thing about this is that at the top of the rib you have these four spikes, and these spikes are rounded in cross-section.
They range from about three centimetres in length to about ten centimetres in length.
Professor Maidment found this unusual bone in 2018 in a fossil shop in Cambridge.
The information that came with the specimen was that it was from the middle Jurassic of Balmain.
Now Balmain's a town in the middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco.
And I looked at a geological map and I found that there was indeed middle Jurassic rocks in this area.
She teamed up with researchers in Morocco and went there to investigate.
We worked our way down the commercial supply chain, talking to different fossil collectors, and eventually found our way to the guy who had literally dug the fossil out of the ground.
And I was able to show him a picture of the fossil and he was able to take me to exactly the place where he had found it.
To find out more, the scientists needed to find more bones.
So in 2023, they started excavating.
Dr Simon Wills from the Natural History Museum was part of the team.
To sort of describe the area, it's very, very arid.
But the rocks are amazing because they're just multicoloured.
So you just see the layers of different coloured rocks.
There's purples, there's greens, there's greys, there's browns.
And we're just stood there going, what on earth is this?
There's spikes everywhere.
The next step was to piece this fossil puzzle together to work out what this animal looked like.
Professor Richard Butler is from the University of Birmingham.
It's got these spikes coming out of every single one of its ribs.
But it's also got these incredibly long spikes coming out of various other parts of the body.
And in particular, the thing that's just utterly bizarre is it's got this neck collar.
It's collar of bone around the neck which has spikes that are about a metre in length.
So it's sort of the length of golf clubs sticking out in various directions.
And we've never seen anything like that in any other animal.
The scientists have named the dinosaurs Spikomelis.
And apart from the spiky rib that started this dino detective story, the bones will stay in Morocco.
Geologist Dr Ahmed Ouso from the University of Fez says that's important.
When a fossil like Spikomelis makes headlines, it inspires young people to learn more about our ancient past and shows them that important scientific research is happening right here in Morocco.
Also, it encourages more students to study geology and paleontology and it helps train the next generation of Moroccan scientists.
The team will be returning to the site next year.
They say there's still much to find out about Spikermelis.
Now when was the last time you sent a letter?
It's the end of an era today in Denmark, as the state-run postal service PostNor ends its four-century-old task of delivering letters to residents around the country.
It will instead focus on parcels because of the change in consumer behaviour.
Christian Beckard has been a postman for 20 years and has seen the contents of his bag change over time.
It's becoming mainly letters from authorities, banks or bills.
Fewer Christmas cards too.
He'll soon be delivering packages with a car and spoke to Danish radio during one of his last rides on his post bike.
It's sad that it's coming to an end, but in one way or another, it'll be OK.
New things happen.
It's a time of change.
And it has to happen now and then.
So personally, I think it'll be OK, even if it's sad.
But you can't stop change.
Laura McIver got more on why this is happening from Danish journalist Maja Tekeli.
It simply has something to do with the fact that people just don't send letters anymore.
That's first of all being, you know, romantic, individual, personal letters.
But Denmark is a very, very digitalized country.
Bills, bank messages, government decisions.
They arrive digitally and it's only around 5 of Danes that still receive official mail on paper, given the fact that I guess most people don't remember the last time they sent a letter themselves.
They accepted it.
But nostalgia really kicked in when PostNord, as the state service is called, started to take down our iconic red mailboxes.
They've been a part of the country for as long as you can remember.
Now Some of them were put up for sale and within hours they were sold out, because people just wanted a little piece of that history, I guess.
I don't know what you're going to use a postbox for, though, but you'll figure it out.
It might look nice in the hall of your house, if you so wish.
But what about then people who do want to send a birthday card to somebody, or actually do want to maybe write a letter to a friend that's gone through a bereavement?
Will there be private options still?
That's it.
There will be private options.
Private enterprises will take over and that means that you'll of course still be able to send a letter.
You won't use a stamp though.
You'll have to write a four or six digit code on your letter which is a little different.
But that also means that as a stamp collector, your collection is complete now.
There will be no more Danish stamps.
Will it change traditions as well?
We will feel it in Denmark around Easter, surprisingly.
We're not really Christmas card people.
But what we are, though, is gag letter people.
And I'm just translating it loosely.
Around Easter.
Danish people send each other gag letters which are very beautifully, most of the time cut out, letters with patterns and little riddles inside.
It was cultivated by H.C.
Anderson, the very famous writer, who was really good at making his gag letters very beautiful.
You write a little riddle and if the person you sent the letter to guesses who you are, you have to give them a chocolate egg.
And if not, it goes the other way around.
So that's a tradition that will have to change.
Let's see what happens around Easter.
Maybe we have a lot of very, very sad Danes.
I'll let you know.
And that's all from us for now, but there will be a new edition of the Global News Podcast later.
If you want to comment on this episode or the topics covered in it, you can send us an email.
The address is globalpodcast at bbc.co.uk.
And you can also find us on X at BBC World Service and you can use the hashtag Global News Pod.
This edition was mixed by Paul Mason and the producer was Oliver Berlau.
The editor is Karen Martin.
I'm Ankur Desai.
Until next time, goodbye.
