Previously on Cereal.
They show me like they are here to help us.
Ah, yeah.
So they also get some snack type items based on their compliancy status.
We need to gather information.
These are the people that we need to get it from.
They would talk, they would be like, why am I still here?
Can you send me home?
We don't know what's going to happen and it's like there's no...
No...
No foreseeable outcome.
There's no...
Like how long am I going to stay in this prison?
From Cereal Productions in the New York Times, this is Cereal Season 4, Guantanamo.
One prison camp told week by week.
I'm Sarah Canig.
Mike Bumgarner was on a plane on the tarmac waiting to take off when his blackberry buzzed.
He wanted to ignore it but then he saw it was his boss, a general.
When the general calls, you generally answer.
He scooted to the back of the plane.
I'm hiding back there from a blackberry and talking to the general.
He said, Mike, I need you to go down to Guantanamo and take command.
His own command meant he'd be in charge of a whole brigade, boosted into the rare air of the senior officers.
This was the call he'd been waiting for.
And he said, will you accept it?
I said, yes.
He said, you don't want to think about it.
He said, it's got some issues.
This was an early spring of 2005, Mike Bumgarner was in his mid-40s.
He'd spent the last two decades rising in the military police corps stationed all over the place.
Guantanamo would be his biggest assignment yet.
He'd be the de facto awarding of one of the most controversial prisons on the planet.
But the place had been operational a few years already and a prison's a prison, right?
I didn't really think it was going to be that hard.
It would be hard.
It would be the worst year.
Not just Mike Bumgarner's worst year.
Some former detainees agree it would be Guantanamo's worst year.
By the end of Bumgarner's tenure, hand-to-hand combat would break out between guards and detainees.
Severe new protocols would prompt worldwide condemnation.
And the worst would happen.
Three men would die.
Apart from the superlative designation of the worst year,
by the only thing the US military and the prisoners agree on about that time,
is that before it got horrible, it was going pretty well for Guantanamo.
A fragile day-tunt was taking seed, until they betrayed us, or until they betrayed us,
depending on who you ask.
This episode is part one of the worst year, the less worst part.
Mike Bumgarner's first months on the job.
Each side took stock of the other's power.
About a week after the call, Bumgarner arrived at Guantanamo.
A week.
No prep.
Just get down here.
Stat.
From the airport, they wushed him across the bay on a fastboat,
straight into a waiting car, that delivered him straight to his new commander.
Army Brigadier General J. Hood, who has a kindly face and does not suffer fools.
And he doesn't beat around the bush.
And I came in that office, there may be a four seconds off courtesy of like,
hey, how you doing? Good trip.
Yes, sir.
Right to business.
General Hood gave him a rapid fire rundown.
540 some detainees.
Here's how many in segregation.
Here's how many in discipline blocks.
General Hood didn't want to be interviewed for this story.
But Bumgarner said Hood's main point was about PR.
Bumgarner says Hood told him the military was losing the public relations war over Guantanamo.
Hey, we're under, we're under a lot of scrutiny right now.
The US public, our government, internationally.
We're not trusted.
When Bumgarner's previous commander mentioned that this assignment had some issues,
this is what he was talking about.
By April of 2005, when Bumgarner arrived at Guantanamo,
General Hood had withstood several scandals.
The worst one was Abu Ghraib, the US run prison in Iraq.
Hood had nothing to do with Abu Ghraib,
but appalling photos had come out,
proof that guards had inflicted sadistic abuse and humiliation on prisoners there.
And the shadow of that abuse fell over Guantanamo.
Critics were saying, if it was happening in Iraq,
if it was happening in CIA black sites,
because news of that torture was leaking out too,
surely it was happening in Guantanamo.
So that was one thing.
Then there were allegations that guards and interrogators at Guantanamo
were intentionally mishandling the Quran,
an issue that would very soon inspire deadly protests in Afghanistan,
and then in the Middle East, Sudan, Indonesia.
And on top of all that, right in Hood's backyard,
a good old-fashioned sex scandal turned out four male officers,
including a one-star general.
We're having swinging affairs with a female nurse and other female civilian contractors on the base.
That's why Bumgarner had to high-tail it to Guantanamo to take charge,
his libidness predecessor had been booted off the island.
Meanwhile, human rights groups were starting to call the place a gulag,
even some influential congressional Republicans were wavering on their support for Guantanamo.
President Bush and the DOD were feeling the pressure.
So now, General Hood was saying, we got to change the narrative about Guantanamo.
We need to show the outside world what compliance looks like.
We've got to convince one, make sure it is right,
continue to make it better,
and at the same time, get the world to understand that we are doing it in first-class manner.
Professionally, the way it should be done,
would no detainee abuse occurring.
So the mission, as Bumgarner understood it from that first meeting with General Hood,
was nothing short of, don't let the critics close down Guantanamo.
Make sure this place stays open.
The president's counting on you.
Mike Bumgarner didn't take this metaphorically.
He took it literally.
He was the son and grandson of military men.
That's how he was raised.
If you're in charge, you fulfill the mission, no excuses.
From here on out, he thought, I got to make this place the best possible version of itself.
Before he made any changes, Bumgarner reviewed the whole operation.
A few things about the place displeased him.
First, he found it surprisingly uptight in some respects.
As an example, when I arrived, they could not have a straw,
because some felt it could be fabricated to make a weapon.
The senior staff seemed to think anything could be turned into a weapon,
as if these detainees had superhuman skills.
Bumgarner thought, a lot of the security stuff we're doing, it's over the top.
The way we transported them to Guantanamo, for instance,
and on occasion around the camp.
With the earmuffs, the blacked out goggles, the many chains,
the nutty secrecy over stuff, he didn't think mattered.
Leadership would freak out if anyone said anything to an outsider about the computer system,
where they logged their notes about daily activity inside the prison blocks.
It was called DIMS.
DIMS detainee information management system.
DIMS is where we put, he ate his nut bar in.
He had two count cartons of milk.
He got moved to record this time.
I mean, that's how benign all the stuff, not all the stuff.
But for me to say, 293, moved over to Echo,
and we gave him an extra pair of socks.
All that classified.
You can't mention DIMS, can't talk about it.
His second observation was about discipline.
He thought, you guys are doing it wrong.
It was crazy, it was bizarre.
We had items that they called privilege items that you were given additionally.
Privileged items were anything extra a detainee had on top of the basics.
Prayer beads, for example, or an extra sheet.
Down to how many ketchup packages you get or hot sauce or sugar or whatever.
We would regulate those, and that's, you're going to lose your ketchup for two weeks.
Wow.
Big whoop in other words.
When fewer condiments didn't correct a detainee's behavior,
the detainee was supposed to get moved to the discipline blocks.
The prison was organized into areas called camps, camp one, camp two, and so on.
And then we had, oh, we're going to take you over to camp three.
Camp three was the discipline camp.
Camp three was huge.
Camp three would hold 300, 300 to people.
And it was full.
And we had people waiting in line to go to camp three.
Everybody in the whole place, oh, discipline time.
They were going to go to camp three.
And I said, OK, what makes camp three so different?
I mean, they looked just like the same.
There really was no different.
There wasn't any real difference in meaning camp three as a meaning camp two,
just right across the little walkway.
The third thing, and hardest to deal with, was the attitude of the guards.
What bum-garner called the guard culture?
In Canter, I don't think I've ever said is public before.
You would find among the greatest bulk of the guards, I'd say more than half.
They truly despise the detainees.
I hate to say that number.
It may have been smaller.
Some, if they, you know, if the life was harder than the detainee, that was OK with them.
I mean, if we didn't respect the Islamic religion, that was OK with them.
As one guard commander told me, it just seemed like a big babysitting operation.
We were babysitting so they could get intel.
The worst detainees, he said, and bum-garner agreed,
would holler and spit at you, throw shit and piss at you, call you vile names,
andcessantly bang on their metal cages, break their toilets.
Demand this and that, have you trotting up and down the tiers?
Some of these guards were right out of high school on their first deployment.
They're working 12-hour shifts with Cuba, Lazing Hot and Dripping Humanity.
The presenteers were like hot houses, powered by provocation and retaliation, Tit for Tat.
So that was the state of the place when bum-garner got there.
Weirdly strict, weirdly lax, weirdly tense.
Bum-garner had done some detention work before.
He'd run security at different bases, including overseas.
He'd been a director at the Army's Military Police School,
even worked as a sheriff's deputy for a minute during college.
He thought, all due respect, General Hoots and Artillerymen,
these senior guys making the rules, they don't have a background in corrections,
so they don't get it.
I was a military police, I felt like I understood the insides,
the tainy that understood prisoners, and how you do this kind of stuff.
He thought he could fix it.
Massive reset for the prisoners.
That was bum-garner's first big move.
We reset all discipline.
Everybody got amnesty or whatever.
They were all forgiven.
All prior events are forgiven.
Cleanslake, start a new today.
Bum-garner's strategy was to double down on the carrots and sticks.
Make the compliant camps more comfortable,
and the non-compliant camps more miserable.
He'd make the differences stark.
A big bright line.
Big bright line.
Good is over here, bad is over here, and bad.
Within the conventions, I'm going to make bad as bad as I possibly can.
Within the conventions means the 1949 Geneva Convention
relative to the treatment of prisoners of war,
which defines international standards and protections for POWs.
During bum-garner's first meeting with General Hoot,
Hoot had explicitly told bum-garner,
go look at the Geneva Conventions.
We're taking so much public heat over allegations of abuse and unfairness,
look at the conventions, see what you can implement here.
Bum-garner was familiar with the Geneva Conventions.
He'd written a thesis about it just a couple years earlier in military college.
The topic of his paper was topical.
What set of laws are we supposed to follow when fighting terrorists?
And now here was bum-garner on the ground floor of that still unanswered question.
Walking not just a fine line, but an invisible one.
The Bush administration's position so far had been that Geneva didn't apply to the men held at Guantanamo.
Because they weren't prisoners of war in the traditional sense.
They weren't typical soldiers.
They were robes, terrorists.
So we didn't have to extend them the Geneva protections.
Especially the ones prohibiting torture or coercion,
or crucially, the one about giving POWs access to the courts.
But the ones about food, water, religion, reading material, medical care,
those seemed okay, right?
Bum-garner had to figure out what else was okay, how far should he go?
How far could he go?
That's after the break.
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Bum-garner and his team developed a sort of caste system among the detainees,
demarcated by the color of their clothing.
Initially, they put everyone in a tan outfit.
Consistent good behavior would get you a coveted white one, bad behavior, a dreaded orange one.
If you followed the rules, your sleeping pad would be softer, closer to a mattress than a yoga mat.
You could keep more stuff in yourself, talk to your neighbors more.
Guards are very nicer to you. There's less urgency placed on things.
They'll talk to you. If you don't do this, they may be more of a discussion.
You go over to a discipline camp or November.
November block, over in camp three, was Bum-garner's discipline innovation,
where he sent the most unruly detainees.
He refurbished it to make it as isolating and unpleasant as possible.
November block was called administrative segregation or ad-seg, designed to break you down.
In the courtyard, parked like a harbinger was a barber chair. Upon arrival, your hair would get cut, your beard shaved off.
All your stuff taken away, including your clothes, your underwear, all that remained to ward off the blasting AC.
No sleeping pad. Every single item had to be handed back after you used it.
A cup, a toothbrush, the blanket they gave you at night.
The only human beings you interacted with on November block were guards, who'd periodically open the little flap on your door.
And the guards in November block? Bum-garner said they were hand-picked for qualities he characterized as, quote, hard robot.
No personality, no discussion. I tell you once you do it or else I'm going to send in a five-man earth team and riot gear to make you do it.
In November, you can't talk to any other detainee.
If you start trying to talk to somebody, we're not going to allow that. How do you know the last somebody's talking to it?
And what we would do would drown it out.
Either from the guards to start yelling, and all the guards would just start yelling.
Or we would turn on the big fans on the end of the halls. The vacuums. The noise from the vacuum.
I forgot to mention, it huge giant vacuum clean is on.
That is Ahmed Erisheedee, formerly known as detainee number 590, formerly nicknamed the General by US Personnel at Guantanamo.
Anom to Gar, he says caused him nothing but strife.
Ahmed Erisheedee was a talker, a troublemaker, a big personality who could influence others to make trouble too.
That's how his jailers saw him.
He's originally from Morocco, but he spoke English. He'd worked in London as a cook at a couple fancy hotels.
He told Dana he remembered his first encounter with Bum-garner. It was a couple months after Bum-garner's arrival.
Erisheedee in a handful of other detainees had been stewing over in the New Discipline Setup, November block.
I escalated, this is normal, I escalation, this is different, I escalate, this is I escalated from I escalations.
Erisheedee says he'd organized a protest. They'd all rip up their shirts, and when they got replacement shirts, they'd rip those up too.
Super annoying for the staff.
Pretty soon, who should appear on his block, but might Bum-garner himself.
The big chicken, some detainees called him, because of the eagle insignia on his army colonel's uniform.
And he walked down the corridor, and he was on his own.
And he's very unusual for the colonel to walk when he's on, usually he's with someone, you know?
As I walked under this tear, he had a plastic shield in front of his sale.
And that not only meant that he was prone to throwing stuff or spitting on guards, and so we'd put you where there's a shield.
Well, he had his face pressed up again. It was the weirdest, most bizarre sight to me, seeing that face pressed up against that thing, and yelling at the top of his lungs.
I even called him a Nazi, I called him all kind of name, bad name, you know?
You are a torturer, you are this, you are this, you are this, and you are this, and you're...
And he kept on walking to the end of the block, and came back, and he stood by the door of myself.
And he was smiling, and he looks almost happy as if I was praising him, you know?
I stopped, I did not know he's working with us, but I started talking to him.
I was just... shoot or breath, trying to tell him everything all at once.
A torrent of complaints, especially about the guards.
You're soldiers are busing us, you're soldiers, you're doing this to us, you're doing this to us, you're doing this to us.
And I said, why are you allowing your soldiers to abuse us?
He says, no, I said, yes, and you are in trouble that you are encouraging them to do that by allowing them to be anonymous.
The guards at Guantanamo covered the name tags on their uniforms, ostensibly so that the terrorists couldn't track them down later, or harm their families.
The result of the no names was that detainees had a hard time complaining if a specific guard beat them up, because they couldn't identify them.
But Rashidi says he asked Bungardner, why don't you give each guard a number in place of the name tag?
As I said, he's Ipooked out. At that particular moment, he says, let's sit down and talk tomorrow.
Mike Bungardner and Aukmador Rashidi differ on some of the details of this encounter, when exactly the name tag issue came up, for example, was a long time ago.
But their memories agree on the main elements.
Mike Bungardner was astonished by this eloquent yell, Aukmador Rashidi. And Aukmador Rashidi was astonished by this new colonel, Mike Bungardner, who was listening.
Sitting down and talking, as far as Bungardner knew, no warden had ever done that before. It would turn out to be his most radical move at Guantanamo.
Let's sit down and talk tomorrow. He says, but first, tell your friends to stop seeing up these shirts.
Tell your friends to stop seeing up these shirts. And if you have any concern, just write it down.
And then we can sit down and talk about it. I said to him, did you know that we are in an ac relation, we are not allowed a pen in a paper, and you're asking me to write everything down.
I said, no one, and he asked God, he says, get them all pen in a paper. And he said to me, write it down everything. And we sit down tomorrow.
Bungardner's goal was a calm camp to keep his guys safe by getting guys like Aukmador Rashidi to settle down.
To do that, he'd need more than the threat of November block. He figured, maybe it's a little unusual to meet one-on-one with a detainee.
But let me just hear what he wants. That night, Areshidi gathered the concerns of his fellow detainees.
He said some of them were upsetting to hear, as if the men were falling apart, or maybe already broken.
One guy asked, please, can you let us have more than 24 hours between the 30-day stretches of isolation?
Another guy, one of his demands, not so upsetting.
In one of his demands, he says, can you ask them to bring some mixed nuts because they're missed eating nuts.
But they're talking about degradation, you know what I mean? And they're just talking about nuts.
We miss having nuts. I miss having nuts. I want some nuts.
Next day, Bungardner and some of his staff dressed in their desert camouflage, and Areshidi in his orange detainee scrubs,
sat down at a little picnic table near Bungardner's office. The two men weren't so far apart in age.
They both had a lot of confidence and a temper.
As Areshidi remembers it, they met for a few hours, and then again the next day.
Areshidi said he was impressed by the consideration Bungardner showed his staff. With each detainee request, he'd turned to his colleagues, ask their opinions.
For his part, Bungardner said Areshidi seemed smart and a little strange.
He was a different fellow. Mercurial comes to mind.
He's the one that drew me a map.
It was a drawing of a path, representing an aspirational timeline for the prison.
At the beginning of the path was the past, which Areshidi labeled the dark ages. Bad food, poison water, lack of respect for their religion.
Everything bad, and he's got these all along this path.
And then the transitions to where we're good, good food, respect for our faith.
And it leads to, I don't know, Nirvana, but happiness on the far right.
He got the picture.
The talks were fruitful. The Camp Administration would end up adopting a new prisoner design menu with four daily options,
including one for those with delicate digestion. They'd provide detainees with bottled water.
Wall clocks would be installed in the camps, so that detainees wouldn't have to rely on the guards, who typically answered daytime or nighttime when you asked them the time.
Even better?
For the first time, we were allowed to have the light deemed in ourselves for the first time after nine o'clock.
Blessed dimness after years of blazing lights 24-7.
Rec time expanded, Areshidi said, to two hours instead of 20 minutes.
And instead of 20 sheets of toilet paper, a guy could get a whole roll.
Bumgarner wasn't about to get rid of November block, or abolish earthings, but he agreed to some new guard protocols.
To fix the name tag problem, he agreed to Areshidi's number solution.
Each guard would wear an assigned number on his or her uniform.
Bumgarner agreed to stop the guard force from calling the detainees packages when moving them around the camps.
And he agreed to Areshidi's proposal for how to stop the guards from stomping up and down the metal floors during prayer time.
He said, why don't you put out prayer cones?
And that became accepted where General J Hood and Admiral Harry Harris was talking to the White House about the prayer cones.
And it just became accepted prayer cones, of course.
I thought he thought that was so crazy.
I remember when he said, prayer cone, I go, what is a prayer? He got, I don't know, won't you take a traffic cone and put a big pee on it?
And put it out whenever it's prayer time, and so that'll tell everybody to be quiet on the tear.
And the guards saw that and they respected it too.
It got to the point though, they say, well, it squeaks over here, and your guards continue to walk up and down the tear.
But there's a squeaky part right here, so we're walking over there.
And they would put a prayer cone over the squeaky part.
I mean, that's the extent it went to.
And he said, it's not like we were blowing them off.
We were trying to cooperate with them.
Errachidi though was conflicted about his own role in this extraordinary two day summit.
On one hand, he said he felt like a hero.
The prisoner said one important concessions.
On the other hand, maybe he was selling his fellow prisoners short in some way, negotiating over small practical questions, toilet paper, rather than the actual shit.
The biggest, most pressing question.
Why are you still holding us illegally without charge?
So I thought maybe I'm giving the wrong message to bomb gunner and to the authority in Guantanamo.
But maybe they're going to get the wrong message.
These guys just wanted better food and better treatments.
And we are willing to stay in Guantanamo indefinitely.
You're going to think that we are okay with it.
It's okay. You can keep us here for the rest of our lives.
The prospect of indefinite detention, no clear system for how this all ends.
That trumped every other complaint, every other demand.
One would bomb gunner negotiate about that.
A major aspect of the Bush administration's campaign to show the world that Guantanamo wasn't Abu Ghraib
was to beckon visitors inside the camp, dignitaries, politicians, reporters.
During one press conference a few months after bomb gunners arrival, President Bush said it about four times.
Go down there, take a look, see for yourself.
And people did.
The charm offensive helped along by bomb gunners soothing North Carolina accent and folksy manner was working pretty well.
Occasionally, bomb gunner told me he misstepped.
On a bus full of visitors, he once described a young female guard as, quote, cute as a puppy.
General J. Hood was standing right next to him and gave him, quote, one of the worst ass chewings I've ever had in my life.
But at the same time, three months into the worst year, prisoners at Guantanamo were hunger striking.
Hunger strikes were not new. They'd been going on sporadically since the camps earliest days.
But this one persisted.
And the outside world noticed, which of course was the point.
The timing of the hunger strike was opportune.
It seemed the detainees were wise to the uptick in visitors.
Also, one of the organizers of the strike told us, they knew that news reports of hunger strikes, nonviolent protests in which detainees hurt their own selves,
seemed to penetrate the American consciousness in a way other news from Guantanamo didn't.
Some of the most in-depth reporting came from Tim Golden at the New York Times.
He wrote a great magazine story about this period, which is how I know that it was late July when Bumgarner broke this first hunger strike.
In a maneuver that would shape the rest of his time at Guantanamo.
He did it by negotiating, not with Areshidi this time, but with another detainee Bumgarner had met soon after Areshidi, a guy named Shocker Amur, a British resident,
who wielded his charisma brilliantly inside and outside Guantanamo.
Shocker Amur was beloved by many of the detainees, especially Saudis like himself, and there were a lot of them, most of the Arabs at Guantanamo were Saudis,
and so Shocker had swayed with Bumgarner too.
He told Bumgarner, this hunger strike, I can end it. They made a deal.
If Shocker stopped the hunger strike, Bumgarner would try to further improve whatever conditions he could inside the camps in accordance with the Geneva conventions.
And so it was. Bumgarner walked the blocks with Shocker, unshackled, at first, and saw with amazement how other detainees whooped in celebration.
He watched as Shocker Amur spread the word surgically, among the camps other leaders, drop the hunger strike. The big chicken is going to work with us.
And Bumgarner rejoiced, when just like that, most of the hunger strikeers started eating again. Victory.
Now, instead of individual negotiations, Bumgarner was ready to start a council of detainees, which would communicate grievances to the camp administration.
At Rashidi says he'd suggested this to Bumgarner. I've also read versions where Shocker Amur is credited with it. But Bumgarner says he did it because Geneva conventions.
POWs have a right to self-representation.
Bumgarner knew this might be delicate to pull off. Not everyone above or below him was fully on board. Why give these detainees a sense of authority? Why let them kibbits?
But Bumgarner had faith. About a week after he walked the blocks with Shocker Amur, 60 detainees were brought together to a recured outside alpha block in camp 1 for a sanction meeting with camp administration.
And these six, according to Bumgarner, they were some of the most powerful detainees in the camp, an Egyptian religious leader named Ala Muhammad Saleem.
Very smart guy. He's brilliant. Abdul Zayif from Afghanistan, who'd been a Taliban cabinet minister. I mean, he was a big dog. A Saudi engineer who went to university in the States and proudly admitted his membership in Al Qaeda, the Sana Sharabi.
Al Sharabi, he was very handsome fellow. Always looked like he just stepped out of the shower, beard perfectly trimmed, meticulous.
His clothes always, I don't know how he did it really. I mean, I wish I could have looked like him.
And finally, Shocker. After Vessent, he bubbly personality. He can charm the pants off it. He seemed like such a nice guy.
You can hear it, right? He liked some of these guys. The Sana and Shocker especially. He figured a couple of them would instantly kill him if they got the chance.
The Sana Sharabi had said as much without a must of his gleaming black hair. But aside from that, Bumgarner said he respected them. Not necessarily their beliefs, but their stature.
The second time the group met, Bumgarner joined. He sat with them. The prisoners had no leg irons on, no cuffs, freestyle.
I thought, by this point, we were doing pretty good on meeting their demands of the camp administration. And I think they probably felt that way too because we didn't stay on that for maybe 10, I mean very briefly, if that, I mean, even if it all, we went to the big issue. You got to get us set free.
Bumgarner told them that I cannot do. He was the warden, full stop. Freedom and justice were above his pay grade. Surely they could understand that.
And as well, I try to get them to understand it. You're going to be here. You're going to be here. And I can try to help make your life a little better while you're here. Or you continue to be miserable. That's why I was trying to understand that. You're not leaving.
Remember, Bumgarner had rushed down to Guantanamo to take over. No time for language or cultural training. The prison was holding hundreds of Muslim men from umpteen countries, Afghans and Saudis and Yemenis and Pakistanis and Algerians suspected Taliban and al-Qaeda operatives.
Sure, Bumgarner was interacting with a few of the detainees individually, but on the whole, Bumgarner knew very little about his prisoners. He was endearingly, if disturbingly, frank about that.
I couldn't, I didn't know the name between a terrorist and an Arab.
He lamented a few times that he deployed to Iraq after he deployed to Guantanamo instead of the other way around. That way, he would have recognized that some of the things he thought were terrorist viewpoints were simply Arab viewpoints.
He misunderstood or maybe half understood who he was dealing with, a gap by adventurous stretches to this day. For instance, Bumgarner believed to a man, all the detainees, well, maybe not shakr, but definitely everyone else, would be willing to die for their cause, which he understood to be entwined with conservative Islam. So we tried to keep an eye on the religious leaders among them.
These guys are very powerful. There's only a handful of them and I can't give you any names. I can remember one of them, sort of strange. We call them the Viking, red beard, red complexion, red hair.
Marat Karnas, a German resident whose family was from Turkey.
That's funny, yeah.
Was Marat a religious leader at Guantanamo?
Of course not.
To hear Marat tell it, he was a nobody, only 19 when he got to Guantanamo. He didn't speak Arabic or Pashto, he could barely talk to anyone. He hadn't even been to a religious madrasa like some of the other detainees.
It's funny once said they never will accept my religious things about between the other side. It's funny. Who said that?
Marat struggled to remember Bumgarner, but a lot of personnel remember Marat. He wasn't at Guantanamo that long, relatively speaking, but he stuck out to people because he stuck out.
He was a very large person, a martial artist who missed his practice so dearly. He was once seen bench pressing two smaller men out in the rec yard.
He was sort of European, he spoke German, also some English, plus the reddish hair. Maybe that's why Bumgarner attributed special leadership powers to him.
I don't mean to imply that Bumgarner's information was all wrong. I think it was partly wrong. In the same way so much about Guantanamo was partly wrong.
We craved order, rhyme and reason. So out of scraps of information that were true, we took leaps and liberties and created narratives that often weren't true, that showed a warped picture of who these men really were.
Bumgarner trusted the information he had access to. He believed what he read in the hopped up detainee files about their terrorist links. He believed the intelligence research about how al-Qaeda continues to organize, even in confinement.
He believed the detainees had a sort of org chart, an organized org chart.
Very, very organized. Organized cellular by function.
Organized, in other words, in much the same way terrorist cells out in the world are organized.
You would have those that actually specialized in message passing. You would have guys who would be the muscle, if you will, the attackers, the frontline soldier, if you will.
You would have a shocker actually told me this. You sort of had the political affairs, guys.
I mean, every block to have a leader.
That's Omar de Gaïse, originally from Libya, but his family escaped to Britain when he was young. He and other former detainees told us, yeah, there was some organization, but not like that. It was loose.
People on the block would vote and designate someone as the go-to person to make group decisions when need be or to interact with the camp administration.
It wasn't an al-Qaeda thing, Omar said. It was just a, we're in prison together thing.
Maybe they only vote for a person because he speaks English or maybe he's a leader in one block, but then he gets moved to a different block and now he's a regular Joe.
And it didn't depend on his background whether he was what he was before or who he was. It all depend on how active he was inside prison.
So like for example, shocker was very active and he spoke for people and he translated and he helped and he tried to. So that will be considered by others that they would support him.
Shocker? He had to be somebody al-Qaeda. I mean, he just had, in my mind, he had to be. There was no way he could exert just off of his dynamic personality. I don't know, maybe I'm wrong.
Maybe he was wrong. We never had good evidence to prove shocker, Omar was al-Qaeda. Shocker didn't want to be interviewed for this story.
He was cleared for release in 2007, though he wasn't allowed to leave Guantanamo for another eight years. And Murat Karnas, the guy from Germany, he left Guantanamo in 2006 after spending four years there.
He later learned both US and German officials determined soon after his arrest that he wasn't Taliban or al-Qaeda or a real threat to anyone's national security.
Right or wrong, this picture Bumgarner had of detainees who were ideologically fiercer than Americans who didn't fear death the same way we did, who were highly secretly organized.
Of course it influenced detainee policy, how we treated them, and how we responded when they scared us. Let's after the break.
The unprecedented coming together of prison staff and prisoners was short-lived. The same week the detainee council was forming coincided with a flare-up of violence in the camps involving a mini-fridge.
A Tunisian detainee was called in for an interrogation. Here's Erasheed again.
And he'll do it after he locks him down to the ground. The interrogator starts swearing and cursing the prisoner. And then he picked up a fridge and he threw the fridge at the face of the prisoner.
It sounds unlikely, I know, but there's documentation. Some of the details differ report to report, but they all reflect the debased rage between the personnel and prisoners that Bumgarner observed when he first got to Guantanamo.
In an investigative memo dated August 8, 2005, the detainee, his Shamal Slatey, says an interrogator came to his cell. Slatey tells him he doesn't want to talk, so the interrogator says, fuck you.
Next day he comes again. Slatey again says no, but then a fellow detainee in charge of his block, possibly Hassan Asharbi, who is participating in the nascent detainee council, tells him to go ahead. So Slatey does.
But once he gets to the interrogation room, it's not his usual team. There's a female present. Slatey says, forget it. I don't want to talk to you.
The interrogator says, you will talk. Slatey says, I have the right not to talk to you. He's getting agitated. The interrogator puts his finger and Slatey's face starts insulting his mother, calls her a bitch. So Slatey spits at the interrogator.
And that's when, quote, the interrogator hit him with the refrigerator that was in the intel room and then hit him in the face with the chair.
When word got back to the prisoners in the camps, Ashiri says some people wanted to rise up right away. But people said, look, let's not do it. Let's keep it calm.
Some people still hoped to break the exhausting reactive rhythm of the camps. The council was underway. Maybe it would work.
Again, it counts very about the exact order of events during this first tumultuous week of August. But according to Erichidi, the prisoners had checked their rage over the mini-frigence event.
But then, meeting number three of the council, Bumgarner wasn't there. But his recollection is that some of the prisoners started passing notes to each other, which was against the ground rules.
Tim Golden and his magazine account wrote that when an officer tried to confiscate the notes, quote, some of the detainees popped them into their mouths and started chewing.
When General Hood got wind of what had happened, he disbanded the council and said, he didn't like us using the word council either. He said, I never want to hear that word.
And that's pretty much when he told me, I'm not... You're gonna not be talking too much to the detainees. He never said I could not totally talk, but he started raining my interaction with him, and...
Oh, really? He was like, shut it down.
Pretty much, yes, pretty much.
Bumgarner said he pushed back a little, but not much. He knew Hood was powerful. He didn't want to get fired.
On the heels of that breakdown, another incident. Erichidi said a coady detainee was summoned to the interrogation room.
When he refused to attend the interrogation, he came with the earth team, he beat him up, he was emulated in front of us. The first one we didn't see, the Tunisian, because he was in the interrogation room.
But the second one happened in front of us. Inside one of the same books, I was present.
Oh, you saw it.
Yeah. Okay. With that happened, automatically everybody started banging, breaking things. And a few minutes later, Bumgarner came onto myself. He came onto myself.
And he wanted to say what was going on, as if he's not part of it. And he says, I've gone nothing to do with it. It's not his decision to do that.
Erichidi was mad. He thought the real purpose of Bumgarner's visit wasn't to find out what had happened to make them upset, but to take the temperature of the blocks, try to get a beat on how bad this was going to be.
Bumgarner had given his word that he'd curb the violence, but now he seemed to be shrugging. If he wasn't going to make his guards behave, why should the prisoners behave?
Whatever Gossamer of trust and respect they'd begun to weave floated away. Prisoners broke the breakables in their cells, mostly the foot pedals on their toilets. They banged and yelled.
Some prisoners suspected the violence against the Tunisian, then the Kuwaiti, was a provocation that the guards and interrogators had sabotaged their attempt itself representation that Bumgarner had betrayed them.
You know, so he went away and that's it started. So the hangar strike started that particular light. A renewed reinvigorated hunger strike, egg done by Shacker Amher.
Bumgarner had had it with Shacker. They'd been working together for weeks, productively or so Bumgarner had thought.
So he's playing a very important role initially. And then when he went against me, I got hoods concurrence to put him out in Camp Echo permanently. And he stayed in Echo for the rest of the time.
So he was away from the general population for the remainder of my time. He never went back and...
Because you were afraid he would have an influence?
Yes, exactly. He had betrayed me.
Bumgarner was stressed out. He was juggling criticism from all sides. His detainee council had failed, as Bossa had called off the experiment.
He worried General Hood didn't have much confidence in him. That the interrogators also didn't appreciate him giving away comforts to detainees that they themselves wanted to use as bargaining chips.
And the guards, Bumgarner's own rank and file, also grousing, about Bumgarner.
He wasn't the council and private praise in public. He was, uh, get your fucking shit together, get your head out of your ass, unfuck yourself, you know, type of guy.
Yeah. That's Steve Timis, a Navy master at arms in charge of the guard force in the discipline camps.
He told me the crap morale was in large part because all the higher up seems scared for their careers.
Scared they'd be embarrassed or blamed in the press for screw ups. And all that fear and finger pointing trickled down, often by a Bumgarner.
I was on him receiving end of that once. Most of the time I had my shit in one sock. But the other guys that made mistakes, he would just go off.
You know, you tell that guard he's been trying to do it this way. Why did you do it this way?
Yeah, I was a holler. Yeah, I'm not proud of that. At that time I had a very, very, very short fuse.
And it built throughout the period. It is the stress. I mean, I wouldn't, I was told you then, I don't know, everything's cool. I'm not in stress.
And I really thought that. But he was working every day until 11 p.m. midnight, sleeping maybe four hours a night, red faced.
As detainees are refusing food and protest, he's eating like a fool, his words. Bumgarner said he probably gained 40 or 50 pounds.
So yes, he was stressed. And now a big new hunger strike had started this time with a big demand that Bumgarner had no control over.
Because it pushed beyond menu plans and prayer cones straight to the heart of the matter, either try us for crimes or let us go.
They were saying in essence treat us like proper POWs abide by the Geneva conventions, give us the protections of your laws, access to your courts.
The press was all over it tracking the upward arrow of the hunger strikeer numbers dozens, then 76.
Sometime in September, the camp says it's 131 hunger strikers, attorneys representing the detainees say the numbers more like 200.
Meanwhile, controversial legislation about standards for detainee treatment is winding through Congress.
Bumgarner had tried the carrots. He tried to work with the detainees to reason with them. A big stick was nigh.
And a sheet is analysis is that during this time, Bumgarner, stymied and under pressure made a calculated move from good guy who was genuinely trying to do the right thing by the prisoners to tough guy.
I don't think that's quite it. I think it's more likely that while he was at Guantanamo, Bumgarner was always the same guy, basically a reasonable guy, but also a cop through and through with the cops. What's the problem? Just follow the rules, logic.
Really, I'd say if the earth team ever had to be deployed, the responsibility in my opinion went to the detainee because they forced the circumstance. All you had to do was comply with what you're being asked to do.
And it was just very simple type of thing. Give me this back or do that. Give me your hands up that.
Understand like in an operational way. Why that's that feels very straightforward to you. On the other hand, would you also sit back and be like, I get it?
These got, you know, a lot of them are saying, I don't deserve to be here. I was grabbed off a bus at the border of whatever I was visiting my whatever I was going to teach in a school.
You guys think I'm someone I'm not. I've been here for four years. I haven't talked to my parents. They don't know whether I'm dead or alive. I feel like I'm dying. I hate the food. I can't speak to anyone. I miss my sisters. Fuck you.
I'm not going to do anything you ask me to do. Why would I cooperate? All I have, the only path I was on a roll now and I couldn't stop. His argument, it's their own fault.
I've got guys in riot gear spray them with tear gas rushing to their cell knock them to the ground and hog tie them. Makes me nuts.
First off, because look how you made me hurt you is the bullies faulty rationale. But also because the part that gets left out, the part the government and the military never seem to acknowledge is that the whole time we had all the power.
We're in balance poisoned by the reality that our intel was flawed. We weren't clear in our own minds about who we had or what they knew or why we were even holding them.
And so why is it surprising in any way or even wrong, frankly, for a detainee to push back against our ill-used power, either for the sake of Islamic jihad or for the sake of due process?
Once I drew breath and apologized for my soap boxing, Bumgarner said, I don't disagree with anything you just said. But back then.
I can't say that I fully took into consideration all you just described. What now in life after 15 years, I do look back with a different perspective on it all.
At that time, did I really take a large consideration there? Probably thought of it, but not much more than a few seconds.
As long as it was safe and secure, and I knew I wasn't harming them. I didn't really get into the thinking about the woes on their life. I'm sorry to say, perhaps I should have, but I didn't.
I think I was getting, every day I got closer to it. You get closer to that until something happens.
Here's what happened. Bumgarner felt he was losing control of the camp. The hunger strikers filled the detainee hospital, which is where they'd get tube fed if they refused to eat.
Tube fed in a hospital sounds to me like one of the worst places to be, anytime, anywhere. But Bumgarner said, oh no, it was nice in there.
It was always air conditioned, cool. You have to lay on the bed. You've got meals brought to you, served to you like you're the king. You've got attractive nurses who paid attention to you constantly.
The nurses were attractive because they were female. But for Bumgarner, it was the lozenges that broke this camel's back.
When you get the tube dropped down, so many times your throat becomes irritated. And so the nurses would give them lozenges or cough drops, and they'd get to choose the flavor they want.
I initially thought, give them, you know, give them, make them be happy. So what, so what they had lozenges who care?
But then I've slowly began, I'm sorry, I pretty much being saved. We're not running things anymore. They're running things. They were bringing us to our knees on resources and just messing from our perspective and messing with us constantly.
I mean, we're now being determined to be in dictative of them. They have the offensive. They are the ones dictated what's going on the camps, which was not good.
Consultants from the federal Bureau of Prisons were brought down to assess the situation, including a forensic psychiatrist. They agreed with Bumgarner. You got to take back control.
And so he endorsed a new approach to the hunger strike. One that the camp administration would call life saving, and that prisoners and most everyone else would call horrifying, force feeding chairs.
By early December, the first five restraint chairs were shipped to the island. Soon 20 more would be en route. No more cushy hospital feedings at your convenience.
If you refuse to eat, we're going to put you in the chair, your legs, arms, torso all strapped in. The camp even customized the chairs, Bumgarner said, so you can move your head.
And then a tube was snaked through your nose down to your stomach. Not everyone was voluntarily getting into that chair. So the ordeal was sometimes preceded by an earthing.
Then guards holding you down to strap you in.
Detainees are peeing on themselves, shitting themselves. Bumgarner said they did it on purpose.
Detainees who experienced it said it was because they either put too much liquid inside you or cruelly added a laxative or just left you there too long.
We put a pad under it and said, what happens happens? You're not coming out as chair to your fed. I know that sounds probably hard.
If I can say all things that we did in Guantanamo, that's probably the harshest thing we did.
Matter of fact, I'm sure the chair.
Does you watch it? Oh, yeah, many times. Many, many, many, many, many times.
Even some personnel were traumatized by the process. Never mind the detainees who underwent this fresh hell.
You couldn't take it. Somebody pushing and inserting a tube into your nose down your guts and then pulling out violently and then putting it again.
You couldn't take it. It was the worst period in Guantanamo history.
From where Bumgarner sat though, what he saw was success.
Peaceful as it could be. Very, very little misconduct. Very, very, very, very little misconduct.
When he'd arrived all those months ago, the discipline camps had been at capacity with a wait list.
Now they were sparse. For a number of days they actually closed November, an empty discipline block.
There was no detainees on it. That's unheard of. To have that, that's so momentous.
That doesn't mean a lot to you, but I'm telling you, that is huge. That is huge.
Bumgarner had done it. His goal was a quiet camp and he'd achieved a quiet camp.
November block was quiet. The hunger strike was broken.
And from then on, for the next five months, he said, all was well. The longest stretch of calm Guantanamo had ever seen.
Bumgarner dubbed it the period of peace. Soon enough, he'd understand. Peace, like compliance, is in the eye of the beholder.
That's next time.
The end
Serials produced by Jessica Weisberg, Dana Chivas and me. Our editor is Julie Snyder.
Additional reporting by Kura Courier, fact checking by Ben Falen, music supervision, sound design and mixing by Phoebe Wang,
original score by Sophia Daley-Alesandre, editing help from Jen Guera and Ira Glass.
Our contributing editors are Carol Rosenberg and Rosina Ali, additional research by Amerikafaji and Sami Yusufzai.
Translation by Muhammad Razah Sahibzada, additional production from Katie Mingle and Emma Grillo.
Our standards editor is Susan Westling, legal review from Alameen Sumar and Maya Gandhi.
The art from our show comes from Pablo Delcon and Max Guter. Supervising producer for serial productions is in Day Chubu.
Our executive assistant is Mack Miller. Sam Dolnick is deputy managing editor of the New York Times.
Special thanks to Janelle Pfeiffer, Brad Fisher, Maddie Messiello, Daniel Powell, Marion Luzano, Clive Stafford Smith, Tim Golden and Esther Whitfield.
