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You're listening to Shortwave from NPR.
Hey Shortwavers, Regina Barber here.
And Emily Kwong with our bi -weekly Science News Roundup featuring the hosts of All Things Considered.
And today, one of our favorites, Ari Shapiro.
One of your four favorites.
One of our four favorites.
I'm excited to hear about our new interstellar visitor.
I've been dreaming up names for him or her or them.
We also got news about a plastic eating worm that could revolutionize recycling.
And new research on how some animals' sense of smell varies by altitude.
Nothing to sniff at.
All that on this episode of Shortwave, the science podcast from NPR.
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The House of Representatives has approved a White House request to claw back two years of previously approved funding for for public media.
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Thank you. Let's start with the interstellar visitor.
Please tell me he has big eyes and a glowing finger.
I wish. No, it's a comet.
And most comets orbit our sun. You know, know, they're bound by our solar system.
But this one came in 137 ,000 miles per hour from another star.
And it's incredibly rare to get visitors like this.
Yes, this comet's coming in hot.
And astronomers spotted it.
It's dubbed 3i Atlas on July 1st using the NASA -funded Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System, or ATLAS.
This is a network of four telescopes, and the telescope in Chile caught this comet.
You both sound very blasé about this comet it traveling 137 ,000 miles an hour that was caught by the last alert system.
Should we be ducking for cover?
No, we should not be ducking for cover.
There's nothing to fear.
Astronomers are guessing it'll stay roughly 150 million miles from Earth.
That's about one and a half times the distance from Earth to the sun. It's really far.
It will come close to Mars, though.
No dinosaur fate for us.
You said these kinds of visitors are rare.
or how many have we seen before?
So this is only the third confirmed interstellar object to have zoomed past Earth.
The first one was in 2017.
You may remember Oumuamua, which means a messenger from afar arriving first in Hawaiian.
Yeah, there was all this public controversy at the time that maybe it was a spaceship?
People continue to debate this today, right?
We don't really know.
And the fact that we only had two or three weeks to study that object should tell you something about why.
Yeah, I mean, I think a lot of astronomers don't think it's a spaceship, but we don't really know too much about it.
That was planetary astronomer Teddy Coretta, who studies comets and the past interstellar objects.
He says this comet, 3I Atlas, will be here for longer, though.
We haven't seen this object before.
We'll have a couple of months to study it for real, and then it's gone forever.
Teddy says studying these objects can help answer this big question, is our solar system unique or not?
This comet most likely formed with planets around another faraway star, so studying it might tell us something about how other solar systems are made and how planets form there.
Cool, so scientists are going to have a couple months to study it.
What about amateur astronomers?
Will we be able to see it in the night sky?
Yes, Ari, you, our listeners.
In October, when the comet gets closer to Earth, if you venture somewhere far, far away from city lights… Under dark skies with a big telescope and some patients, maybe you might be able to see it.
That might be the first time anyone has actually seen the light from an interstellar object with their own eyes.
So come October, I'll be trying to spot it.
Sounds amazing. OK, next up, plastic -eating worms. Where do they come from?
Yeah, they're called wax worms, and they're larvae of wax moths.
And they're these little white caterpillars that chew through beeswax.
And more than a decade ago, this beekeeper in Europe, who happens to be a scientist, was cleaning out her beehives and she put the wax worms in a plastic bag.
And when she got home, she realized the worms had eaten through the bag all on their own.
What? And this intrigued scientists like Brian Cassoni at Canada's Brandon University.
There wasn't anything known about how the wax worm was eating plastic, how much plastic they eat, do they metabolize the plastic?
Can this actually be used in plastic remediation?
Remediation meaning don't let the plastic sit in a landfill for 200 years.
Like, are these worms the solution?
Okay, so yeah, that is the enticing question.
Brian experimented with it.
He fed the worms a diet of polyethylene.
That's the world's most commonly manufactured form of plastic.
Usually polyethylene, to your point, takes decades or even centuries to decompose.
But Brian found… It takes about 2 ,000 or so wax worms to fully consume a plastic bag in about 24 hours.
And then we went into, well, how is that being done?
and so we looked at the bacteria and we were able to isolate plastic degrading bacteria from their guts.
So his preliminary results suggest that the worms break down the plastic into like fatty acids, they metabolize it into energy, and whatever's left over gets stored as fat.
There's just one problem.
No, what's the problem?
When you feed them just on plastic, they die, usually within a few days.
So that's not good.
No, that's not good.
Yeah, Yeah, so Brian and his team figured out if you feed these worms a supplemented diet, like you throw in some carbs, some protein along with the plastic, that could help the waxworms live longer, healthier lives.
And he presented his research this week at the Society for Experimental Biology annual conference in Belgium.
So what's the next step?
Do I get to feed my plastic bags to worms?
Well, one cool possibility.
Scientists are working on a way to isolate these worms' saliva and gut bacteria so they can just use the enzymes produced by these worms to directly break down plastics.
Wouldn't that be cool?
Yeah. Amazing. Okay, continuing with our critter theme, the third story is about animals that live at high altitudes.
How high are we talking?
Yeah, we're talking about animals that live 1 ,000 meters above sea level, so higher than 3 ,000 feet.
You can picture Table Mountain in South Africa or Mount Diablo in California.
Yeah, all kinds of animals have adapted to live at this altitude or higher.
Think like bighorn sheep, alpaca, Andean guinea pigs.
Where they live, they're, as you probably know, there are fewer air molecules.
Right. You hike up a mountain and you get out of breath because of the low oxygen.
Right. The air is thinner, drier.
So Allie Graham, a biologist at the University of Kansas, wanted to know how these conditions impacted the animal's evolution.
And she pursued this question by looking at genetic open source data.
I wanted to let, like I said, the data tell me what the story was was rather than me, like, trying to afford, you know, like, have any control over that.
She essentially screened the genomes of 27 different high -altitude species and compared them to their low -altitude relatives.
So she compared rabbits that live at low altitude with pica that live at high altitude.
These two lineages diverged several million years ago.
And Allie did see a pattern.
She and her team published their findings in the journal Current Biology this month.
Okay, so drumroll. What did she find?
What's the pattern?
Yeah, she saw like a big reduction in genes related to smell, like nearly a quarter of these species' smell receptor genes were turned off.
And Allie also saw a reduction in the part of the brain associated with smell.
Maybe because it was better to invest genetic resources in taste or vision, though far more work is needed to be done to determine what ultimately drove this evolutionary mechanism.
Yeah, that is not what I expected you to say.
Fewer smell receptors?
Would the same be true for humans at high altitudes?
So interestingly, no, like researchers compared the genomes of Tibetans who traditionally have lived at high altitudes with Han Chinese people who traditionally live at like lower altitudes and looking at just their genetics found like no olfactory changes.
None of these like genes differences.
Yeah, Ali suspects it's because these groups haven't been separated long enough for a genetic signature related to smell to pop up.
But at the same time, I like half joke, like, well, we'll check back in a couple million years and see whether or not that signal has popped up in human populations, right?
And if it has, we'll report on it.
Absolutely. And in the meantime, Zach Chevron, a biologist at the University of Montana who was not a part of the study, says a nice follow up, Hubita, go into the mountains and test the nose power of these animals directly.
Field work you can smell.
I love it. Yeah. Ari, thank you so much for hanging out with us.
Always a pleasure. That is Ari Shapiro.
You can hear more of his work on Consider This, NPR's afternoon podcast, all about what the news means for you.
This episode was produced by Hannah Chin and Jason Fuller.
It was edited by Christopher Integriata.
Tyler Jones checked the facts.
Ted Mebane and Tiffany Baricastro were the audio engineers.
I'm Emily Kwong. And I'm Regina Barber.
Thank you for listening to Shortwave, the science podcast from NPR.
This summer on Planet Money Summer School, we're learning about political economy.
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Tune into Planet Money Summer School from NPR, wherever you get your podcasts.
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