hey smarty pants I used my time machine app and I'm now in 1973 but I didn't come for the music I came to meet a friend who has traveled to space and while she's technically an astronaut she's definitely not what you're expecting Huh?
For one thing, she's tiny and has eight legs.
Meet Arabella, a space spider.
Hi, everyone. Now, when I say she's a space spider, I don't mean she's a crazy alien creature.
E .T. from home. What I mean is, she was sent to space by scientists as part of an experiment.
Correctamundo, trusty narrator.
I'm trying to learn how to build a web in the weightless environment of the Skylab space station.
It's really hard to build a web without the comforts of Earth.
Namely, gravity. In fact, all I made was a mess.
That's okay. I'm sure with more practice you'll figure it out.
What I want to know is, how are creatures like spiders launched into space?
Space travel became possible in the late 20th century when rockets were developed to blast away from Earth.
You need a rocket to launch anything or anyone into space.
Rockets fly very far and very fast.
I'm going to build a rocket and launch my homework into space.
Interesting idea, but wouldn't it be easier to just do your homework rather than build a rocket?
Um, good point. You definitely need a lot of math and science knowledge to launch a rocket.
The rocket needs to provide enough power to lift itself off the ground and be fast enough to break away from the pole of Earth's gravity.
T minus 3, 2, 1. We have liftoff.
Hot gases from the burning rocket fuel shoots through an exhaust nozzle at the bottom of the rocket, lifting the vehicle off the ground.
If that sounds like rocket science, it is.
But what is a rocket?
When were rockets first invented?
and who helped make space travel possible.
It's time to blast off with another whiff of science and history on...
Who's smarted? Who's smarted?
Who's smart? Is it you?
Is it me? Is it science?
Or history? Listen up, everyone!
We make smarting lots of fun on Who's Smarted?
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Arabella, as someone who's actually been on a rocket, can you explain how a rocket works?
Sure. A rocket is a propulsion device with a combustion chamber and an exhaust nozzle.
Wow, you are one smart spider.
Actually, all spiders are smart, but I may be one of the smartest.
Definitely. Smarty Pants, in case you couldn't follow, a propulsion device is just a fancy way of saying something that thrusts itself forward, whether it's a car, train, an airplane, or a rocket.
And a combustion chamber is where the rocket fuel explodes and the exhaust nozzle is where the fire shoots out, causing the rocket to lift off.
T -minus three, two, one.
We have liftoff! So, Smartypins, when do you think rockets were first invented?
Was it in A, 1000 CE, B, 1960, or C, the year 2000?
If you said 1960, you might have been thinking of when humans first went to space.
But rockets were actually invented much, much earlier.
Whoa. They were invented in China, soon after the invention of gunpowder, sometime before 1000 CE.
Unfortunately, we can't give credit to the first ever rocket scientist because the inventor of rockets is unknown.
However, there are records of the Chinese using something called arrows of flying fire in battles.
But it wasn't all about fighting.
Chinese inventors filled paper or wooden tubes with gunpowder.
They lit the bottom end and watched as the tube flew into the air in a shower of sparks.
Just like that, the first rocket and aerial firework was born.
and those rockets kept inspiring people.
By the end of the 1200s, inventors were coming up with all kinds of unusual ideas for using rocket power.
They attempted to make rocket -driven battering rams to knock down castle walls and rocket torpedoes to zoom across the ocean.
One Chinese legend from 1500 tells of a man named Wan Hu who tried to fly by tying 47 rockets to two large kites.
Let's just say it didn't end well.
Smarty Pants, can you think of a famous early American song that talks about rockets?
Here's a hint. That's right.
The poem written by Francis Scott Key in 1814 that later became America's national anthem mentions the rocket's red glare.
But what kind of rocket was that?
It certainly wasn't a rocket carrying astronauts.
No, space rockets weren't a thing yet.
In 1808, Sir William Congreve built Congreve rockets, which he named after...
himself. For the British Army, they had a range of one mile and made noise and lots of smoke.
This is the rocket with the red glare mentioned in the National Anthem.
In the 1840s, another British inventor, William Hale, Replace the rocket's stick with curved fins to make it fly farther and faster.
But unless they were involved in battle, for most people, a rocket was a firework that sent off sparks and disappeared into the night.
Good point. Controlled rockets that could go to places like outer space were still seen as a fairy tale and not something that could really happen.
One day, I'm going to blast off in a rocket to outer space Yeah, and I'm going to ride a unicorn to prom So, who was the rocket scientist who turned the idea of taking a rocket to the moon from fiction to fact?
The answer is, there wasn't just one inventor who made spaceflight happen Teams of scientists made thousands of inventions that led to the development of the space rocket I see.
Well, what about some of the major breakthroughs?
That I can tell you.
For example, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky spent years calculating how fast a rocket has to go to escape from Earth's gravity.
He built a wind tunnel for testing models before publishing his idea that a rocket firing in stages, one after the other, could break free of Earth's gravity and go to space.
While he never built an actual rocket, his work inspired others, like Robert Goddard, who launched the first -ever liquid fuel rocket in 1926.
That flight lasted a whole 2 .5 seconds.
That's shorter than this sentence.
Hey, smarty pants, how high did Robert Goddard's rocket go?
Did it reach an altitude of 10 feet, 25 feet, or 41 feet?
If you said 41 feet, you're right.
That isn't even high enough to get over the walls at Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key wrote America's National Anthem.
While Goddard's rocket didn't have a long or high flight, his work inspired others.
And in 1929, Goddard launched a new rocket carrying a camera, barometer, and thermometer, making it possible for others to invent rockets that carried astronauts.
Even though he died in 1945, before the first rocket was launched into space, he is considered the father of the U .S.
space program. Smartypants, did you know that the fuel used in rockets was tested in cars, rail vehicles, air gliders, and ice sleds in the 1920s?
Some cars were even made in the shape of a rocket!
Question. Smarty Pants.
Do you think rockets need to be made of heavy or light materials?
If you said light materials, you're right.
Materials used in rockets need to be light because lighter rockets take less fuel to launch and cost a lot less to build.
Of course, the materials still need to be strong to withstand the thrust at launch.
Strong but lightweight metals like aluminum and titanium are used But the real innovation is the design structure of the rocket Hmm Scientists and engineers developed a structure that resembles something from nature That's both light and strong Can you guess what it is?
Is it A, a spider's web B, a bee's honeycomb Or C, a caterpillar's cocoon If you said A, a spider's web, you were probably thinking of our friend Arabella.
I'm still trying to figure out a no -gravity web here.
The answer is B, honeycomb.
Scientists took inspiration from bees and created a material that's light and strong, just like a honeycomb.
I wonder if bees can make honey in zero gravity.
That I don't know. What I do know is some things that were developed for space went on to become used in everyday life back on Earth.
For example, Teflon was developed to keep the moving parts of a spacecraft from sticking together, but was soon brought to Earth kitchens to make nonstick pans.
Look, my meat cake slides right out of the pan.
Okay, smarty pants, you know rockets need to be made of light and strong materials.
But how tall should a rocket be?
On July 16th, 1969, the Saturn V rocket launched the Apollo craft and three astronauts to the moon.
But how tall was it?
Was it as tall as A, a 10 -story building, B, a 30 -story building, or C, a 50 -story building?
If you said B, a 30 -story building, you rocked it.
Of course, most of the rocket was fuel.
In fact, the Saturn V rocket burned nearly 13 tons of fuel every second.
Whoa. The rocket's fuel tanks were so well insulated that if you put an ice cube inside them, it would take eight years to melt.
Of course, Cuban astronauts weren't the only living things to go to space in a rocket.
That's right. Lots of creatures have visited space.
Can you name any smarty pants?
We'll find out if you're right, right after this break.
Hi guys, it's Trusty.
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Now back to Who Smarted?
I'm with my friend Arabella, a space spider who is going to tell us some of the creatures who have visited space.
One of the most famous animals in space was Laika, a dog who made an orbital spaceflight around the Earth aboard the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 in 1957.
There was also Ham the chimpanzee who went to space in 1961.
Other animals that have traveled to space include honeybees, flies, fish, ants, frogs, tortoises, sea urchins, jellyfish, rats, guinea pigs, and of course, spiders.
But no matter who or what travels to space, you're going to go fast.
The astronauts who traveled around the moon in Apollo 10 broke all human speed records.
They traveled at 24 ,800 miles per hour.
That's more than 33 times the speed of sound.
Humans have done some other surprising things in space, too.
In 1965, an astronaut got in trouble for bringing something he shouldn't onto a spaceship.
What do you think it was, Smarty Pants?
Was it A, a pizza, B, his dog, or C, a corned beef sandwich?
If you said his dog, you may be thinking of Laika, the space dog.
It was actually a corned beef sandwich.
Nom, nom, nom, nom, nom.
And even though this astronaut got in trouble for trying to eat in space, in 2000, Bill Shepard, Yuri Gidzenko, and Sergei Kenilev celebrated the first Christmas in space with a holiday dinner of rehydrated turkey.
Well, if they can eat turkey in space, maybe one day I can spin a web in zero gravity.
Actually, since I'm from the future, I can safely say that you do figure it out.
Yes! And just like Arabella's web making, rocket building also continues to improve as scientists and engineers invent new rockets and spaceships all the time.
Ooh! Maybe one day, a smarty pants will become a rocket scientist and design a new kind of rocket.
I'd love to hear what Who Smarted sounds like in space!
A double super shout -out to superfans Ella and Mason in Halotus, Texas.
We're so glad to have you smarting with us.
This episode, Rockets, was written by Sarah Swietik and voiced by Sarah Swietik, Brillan Olea, Gia Davis, Adam Tex Davis, and Jerry Kolber.
Technical direction and sound design by Josh Hahn.
Who Smarted is recorded and mixed at the Relic Room studios.
Our associate producer is Max Kamasky.
The theme song is by Brian Suarez, with lyrics written and performed by Adam Tex Davis.
Who Smarted was created and produced by Adam Tex Davis and Jerry Kolber.
This has been an Atomic Entertainment production.
