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This is, But Why, a podcast for curious kids from Vermont Public.
I'm Jane Lindholm. On this show, we take questions from curious kids just like you, and we find answers.
If you've been listening for a while, you already know we love Field Trips at BOY, when we get out of the podcast studio I've created in my closet and go somewhere cool to make an episode.
Earlier this month, we got the chance to go to the ocean to learn more about a very unique creature, one that's been around since way before humans.
In fact, this creature has been alive and living mostly like it does today for well over 400 million years.
And we got to go see them!
So to get you in the mood for the episode as we get started, I want you to close your eyes and imagine you're along on this field trip with us.
We're on Cape Cod in Massachusetts.
If you've never heard of Cape Cod or you can't picture it, see if you can find a map of the United States.
Alright, I guess you can open your eyes for that.
Cape Cod is out at the eastern tip of Massachusetts and it's shaped kind of like how your arm would look if you bent it up to show off your bicep muscles.
We're heading out to a beach not far from where your elbow would be.
Just above your elbow, but not near your wrist. It's a little too early to swim.
The water is really cold, although it's always pretty cold in this part of the Atlantic Ocean.
But, it's a beautiful sunny day, and when we arrive, it's almost high tide, and we can see what look from afar kind of like big rocks in the water.
But as we get closer, we realize those rocks are moving.
Some of them are in the shallow water and some of them are already up on the sandy shore.
But these aren't rocks.
They've got long spikes for tails, and although some of them are covered with barnacles and muscle shells, they're very much alive themselves.
They're horseshoe crabs!
I'm Benicio. I live in Silver Spring, Maryland.
I'm nine years old.
Why are horseshoe crabs called Horseshoe?
My name is Amr. I'm nine years old and I live in Limerick, Ireland.
My question is, why are horseshoe crabs called horseshoe crabs?
Hi. My name is Ava Rose, and I'm 8 years old and live in Vancouver, Canada.
Why are horseshoe crabs called horseshoe crabs if they don't look like crabs?
You've sent us a lot of horseshoe crab questions.
So it's a good thing we've met up with a scientist who studies these incredible arthropods, because she can answer them all.
I'm Sarah Grady. I'm the senior coastal ecologist for Mass Audubon.
We are at a little tucked away beach. I see what looks like a little hump of something heading towards the shore.
Is that a horseshoe crab?
That is a horseshoe crab.
They're coming into the shore as the tide is coming in so that they can lay their eggs.
And that's what we're here to see.
So, that's very exciting to me.
Is it exciting to you as a horseshoe crab expert?
It's always very exciting.
What's Most exciting is when you see a pair of them because they form these pairs of a female and a male and they walk around together.
There's three. Oh wait, there's three here.
Yeah. Yeah, so they, this is a, a pair of crabs, so there's a larger crab in the front.
That's the female. And then there's a smaller crab in the back that is a male.
And then there's a second male that has been attracted to the action that's going on and is trying to maybe get involved.
Just to be clinical about this, the horseshoe crabs are mating, and that's how they make more horseshoe crabs.
So what happens is the female will dig a nest, and actually that female is doing that right now, so she's digging in the sand.
She's going to lay her eggs, and then they're going to move forward a little bit, and then the male will fertilize those eggs.
And in about two weeks, those eggs will hatch out.
I read that a female horseshoe crab can lay 80 ,000 to 100 ,000 eggs a year.
Yeah. They are pretty much a walking box of eggs, actually.
And the eggs are a really beautiful greenish -blue color.
They're very tiny, about 2 millimeters, so about the size of maybe the end of a pencil lead.
And yeah, they lay them in little clusters in the sand.
So the female is moving forward right now, apparently dragging both of these males.
So she's already laid some eggs.
She may have laid some eggs already.
Yeah, yeah. There looks like there's another male coming along for the chase now.
Yeah, yes. There are usually a lot more males than females.
So if there's a female, she almost always has a male attached to her, and then there will be other males that are coming along for the ride.
I see another male over there it's like they're all racing to get to this one female.
Yes, yeah, and, when we see a pair that is not buried in the sand we'll be, we can pick it, pick them up and I can show you.
There might be a pair over there.
We waited in the shallows to where we saw two crabs scuttling towards the edge of the water.
Sara picked one up so we could get a better look at this unique creature.
The crab has three parts to its body.
So, it has this front rounded part.
It's called the prosoma.
And then this part here, this sort of, I don't know, trapezoid shaped part is called the epistosoma and it has these little spines on the side.
And then this long pointy part, The tail is called the telson.
So they have these three body parts.
One of the main questions that we've gotten from kids is, why are horseshoe crabs called horseshoe crabs?
My name is Ivy. I'm six years old.
I live in Galbraith, Arizona.
And why does horseshoe crab start with a horseshoe?
My name is Jack. I'm seven years old.
And I live in Belford, Pennsylvania.
Where do horseshoe crabs get their name?
Well if you look at the front shape of the horseshoe crab it looks like a horseshoe it's a U -shape and that's that's it yeah.
And the horseshoe part and that big armored part really helps protect a lot of their organs right?
Yeah so they're really well protected both on the back of their shell the formal name being a carapace for the crab.
They're also really well protected underneath for the most part.
If you look on the underside, they have all of these different claws here.
And they're different on a male in particular.
So we know that this is a male Horseshoe Crab because his front claws look like boxing gloves.
So those are called boxer claws.
And then the rest look like scissors.
If this was a female, all of the claws would look like scissors.
They also have these special rear claws that actually are more like ski poles.
Ski, yeah they have like five little appendages that come out of it.
These are wild looking.
Yeah, so this, you know, just like a hiking pole or a ski pole, helps the crab push themselves forward as they walk across the mud.
And then these two tiny claws here are called chelicerae and that's how they push their food into their mouth.
So this is the horseshoe crab's mouth this spiky hole here.
So they use these claws to kind of push stuff down in there so that they can eat it.
How many claws does one crab need?
I know right? So let's see let's count them so we've got our two special front claws on the male.
Then we've got another one, two, three on each side.
So we're up to eight.
And then we've got these pusher claws.
So that brings it up to 10.
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10.
And these little tiny ones don't really count.
So yeah, 10 claws. Their most sensitive part are these flaps here, which are their gills.
So, the reason they're called horseshoe crabs is somewhat self -explanatory that the main carapace looks like a horseshoe.
But why are they called crabs?
They're not really crabs, are they?
Right. Well, most people, I think when they see something that has claws and is walking around in the ocean will think that it is a crab of some sort.
Most crabs that you see are going to walk sideways.
Horseshoe crabs are walking forward. They are more closely related to spiders and scorpions.
And in fact, these little claws, if you were to look up close on a spider, you would also see those on a spider.
So they're sort of named crabs, not by mistake, but by humans just making assumptions?
Right, right. Just like, you know, there are other marine creatures that are misnamed like starfish and jellyfish, neither of which are fish, right?
Let me just pause here for a second.
Did you know that horseshoe crabs aren't really crabs?
I didn't. They're more closely related to spiders and scorpions as she said.
So we've been calling them the wrong thing all along.
At least we got the horseshoe part right.
My name is Emilio. I'm six years old.
I live in Columbus, Ohio.
How did horseshoe crabs live before dinosaurs and how are they still alive today?
How long have horseshoe crabs been alive?
They've been around for about 450 million years.
Yeah, so they're one of the oldest living creatures walking around here.
Yeah, how did they survive that long?
How did they survive when dinosaurs didn't and I mean what's the secret of the horseshoe crab?
There have been a lot of extinctions between the time that the horseshoe crab evolved and now.
and they survived by being tough and I think really finding the right body shape.
Crabs tend to do really well in general even though the later crabs and evolution so it's a good body to have. They really don't have a lot of natural predators when they're in the water and so they can just keep going.
Does this one need to stay wet?
That's a great question.
So part of coming into spawn is that they often will end up out of the water and they have these special gills called book gills and they're almost like the pages of a book.
So there's these flaps on top but then within each of the tougher flaps.
There's pages almost, and so those book gills will allow the crab to breathe as long as those can stay wet.
So, they can pull oxygen out of the air through the water that's on their book gills.
So their book gills will stay wet for a little while at least, even if they're out.
Yeah, about two days.
Oh, that's a long time.
Yeah, they're okay for about two days or so.
Of course, when they're on the they are more vulnerable.
A gull might... Sarah, watch out.
There's something coming for you right behind you.
Look out behind you.
Oh, look what we have right here.
Yes, another crab. This one looks a little bigger, so I'm gonna see.
Maybe it might be a female.
Nope, not another male.
One of the other things I notice about this one that you're holding is that there are some things attached to it.
Other shells, other creatures attach themselves to horseshoe crabs and get a ride.
Yeah. So they have these slipper shells that are on the back of the crab.
Sometimes they'll have barnacles.
This one has some algae on it.
And horseshoe crabs actually have a flatworm that lives on mostly their gills.
It's called the Limulus leech. Limulus is the genus, a scientific name for horseshoe crabs.
And it only lives on horseshoe crabs and it's actually a flatworm.
It's not a leech. My name's Louisa.
I'm four years old.
I want to know if horseshoe crabs pinch. I'm from Lynn, Pennsylvania.
Do horseshoe crabs pinch?
They don't, nope. I'll show you right now that you can put your finger right in the claw.
I'm gonna do it too.
Yeah. You can pick a claw, any claw, and stick your finger in there if you can get it.
It won't even grab me.
It's trying to grab the microphone.
It's like what are you doing?
Yeah, they're very friendly, actually.
You wouldn't think so, but but yeah.
One of my favorite things to do, actually, is if you kind of put your hand right in the middle of them, they kind of will give you a hug with their claws.
Well, I think it just poked your microphone with its tail.
So, one thing I will say, if you are picking up a horseshoe crab, is they do like to fold in half, so don't put your fingers between the two halves of the shell, because that is the one way they can pinch you.
But they're not doing it to be mean?
No, they're just folding in half and you happened to have your hand in the wrong place.
Should we be picking up horseshoe crabs?
Is it okay to be picking them up and making them give you a hug?
That's a really good question.
I think if you're interested in looking closer at a horseshoe crab, it's a good idea to pick it up and get to know it a little bit.
make sure you put it back in the water.
Don't ever pick a horseshoe crab up by its tail, you want to pick it up by the front, by that rounded horseshoe part, and you can hold it just like a bowl of cereal in your hand.
So that's gonna keep it.
That's sort of upside down then?
Upside down, and they like to fold up in half so you can just hold the crab like that.
And you don't want to disturb any crabs that are actively mating.
Hi, I'm Grey. I'm five years old.
I live in Walksboro, California.
Why do horseshoe have the porcly thing on the bottom?
Tell us a little bit about this very long tail on the horseshoe crab.
If you imagine that the crab has ended up on its back, and it's stuck on the sand or maybe in a little bit of water, it needs to kind of pole vault itself back over.
So that's what that tail is for.
it kind of will twist and plant the end of that and in the sand or the mud and flip itself over.
But it's so long and you're not supposed to pick them up by it do they get ripped off or lost?
They do sometimes. Yeah yeah sometimes it will get caught and stuff and then you'll just see they have a little stub or something like that.
We know that horseshoe crabs don't pinch but can they sting you with that tail?
Nope nope. They are not gonna sting you.
They're not gonna try to hurt you with that tail.
they don't have any sort of venom or anything like that.
My name is Quinn. I'm five years old.
I'm from Walkett Center, New York.
What do horseshoe crabs eat?
What do horseshoe crabs eat?
They eat a variety of little creatures that live in the mud.
So they're carnivores.
They are, yes. Yep.
They eat little worms. they will eat small shrimp -like animals called amphipods that live in the mud and They also will eat small shellfish and in fact, that's kind of what got horseshoe crabs in trouble for a while with people because Everybody thought that the horseshoe crabs especially on Cape Cod where we are we're eating all of their clams and And they got really upset with the horseshoe crabs, and you could actually kill the horseshoe crabs, and you would take their tail to the town hall, and they would pay you a nickel.
Wow. Yeah. Yup. So they do eat some little clams and things like that, but it's not a huge part of their diet.
So now we know they're not actually eating all the clams that the humans would like to be eating?
Yes, that's right, yeah.
What eats horseshoe crabs?
not a lot. But something that's really important that they do is feed migratory shorebirds.
So when horseshoe crabs lay their eggs, not all of the eggs end up buried under the sand where they're going to turn into new horseshoe crabs.
Instead some of them end up closer to the surface.
And there they can provide lots of food for shorebirds like the red knot which is a bird that migrates all the way from Argentina, from the Tierra del Fuego way, way south all the way up to the Arctic.
Shall we look at some more horseshoe crabs and put this guy back and let him get on with the process of finding someone to mate with?
Sure sounds good. Coming up, we know what horseshoe crabs eat and what eats them but do we eat horseshoe crabs?
And if not, why are people catching them?
This is But Why, a podcast for curious kids.
I'm Jane Lindholm. We're on a field trip to Cape Cod with scientist Sara Grady, a coastal ecologist who works with Mass Audubon.
Sara is teaching us all about horseshoe crabs and answering the many questions you sent in for us to ask her.
In the spring, you can sometimes find these arthropods who, remember, aren't really crabs at all—close to shore.
They usually live a little deeper out, spending most of their lives on the seafloor away from human eyes.
But in May and June, they gather in big groups at the edge of the water to mate and lay eggs.
You can see them all up and down the eastern coast of the United States, and the best time to spot them mating is at high tide when there is a full moon or a new moon.
On the day we were visiting Cape Cod to see them, there was a citizen science project going on, where volunteers were counting as many crabs as they could to try to keep tabs on how these ancient arthropods are doing.
As we were talking, we spotted a whole bunch of horseshoe crabs in the shallows around our feet.
They actually seemed pretty curious about us.
Here's the whole train of them here.
I just want to show you how we'll put these right back but I can pick them all up at once.
She's so much bigger than the males.
She's very big, yes.
How big do they get?
Well, the biggest ones are down in Delaware Bay.
They get bigger as you go south toward that area and then they get smaller again as you go down toward the Gulf of Mexico.
They can be over a foot across plus.
Yeah, so this one's big but she's not big by...
She's pretty big. She's pretty big for horseshoe crabs in Massachusetts.
I'm gonna put these three back.
And as you notice, the tide has come in since we've been talking, too.
So that's what they're following, the incoming tide.
So why do they want to lay their eggs up here, sometimes it looks like not totally out of the water and sometimes out of the water here up at high tide?
Well, it's a place where once those eggs are buried in the sand, they won't get washed away as often, right.
So if they were to make their little nest under the water, every time there was a wave, it would be kind of messing that nest up.
This way, it's up at the edge of the water and the water will get there but not as often.
And they also in places especially like again down in the mid -atlantic, they really prefer to lay their eggs around the highest high tides, so those would be the tides that occur when we have a new or full moon called a spring tide.
And so that way that nest isn't going to really have water on it for a two weeks, which is just about the amount of time it takes for the eggs to hatch. How tiny are the babies when they hatch?
What do they look like?
They are called trilobite larvae and they look like a mini horseshoe crab.
They're only, again, I mean they're just a little bit bigger than the egg they were in, so they're only about two or three millimeters across and they look exactly like a tiny horseshoe crab except they don't have a tail.
And the reason they don't have a tail is it's usually not a good idea to have something sharp and pointy inside your egg.
true I hadn't thought about that yeah yeah so grow that part once you're, you know, safe outside the egg.
Hi, my name is Jude and I'm five years old and I live in Vancouver Canada.
Humans eat horseshoe crabs.
Do humans ever eat horseshoe crabs?
Not really, there's a very small market for eating the eggs.
Very very small, just like you know if you've ever ordered sushi with fish eggs on the outside or something like that it's similar to that, but that's mostly the Asian horseshoe crabs.
It's not like we're exporting American horseshoe crab eggs to Asia.
However, humans do capture horseshoe crabs and kill them and use them.
Why are horseshoe crabs important to humans?
So right now there are two reasons that horseshoe crabs are harvested.
One of them is for bait and and that's for the whelk fishery.
So a whelk is a giant snail.
And they... Which people do eat.
Which they do eat, yes, yep.
And there's a market for that.
And so they love the smell of horseshoe crabs, especially horseshoe crab eggs.
So females will catch more whelks.
And so there's an industry for collecting horseshoe crabs for bait.
Fortunately, you're no longer allowed to harvest horseshoe crabs while they are spawning, which is going to help the population grow.
The other reason that horseshoe crabs are harvested is for their blood.
So horseshoe crab blood has a very special property.
They have a really sensitive immune system.
And so anytime any sort of bacteria gets into a horseshoe crab, if you can imagine the horse crab getting a cut through that big shell, it's able to immediately form a clot around that wound and seal it up.
And people discovered that you could actually take that blood and get that particular chemical from their immune system and use that to detect whether something had bacteria in it.
So if you had a company and your job was making things like saline that they you know you put in an IV or maybe a vaccine before you had to test to see if it had bacteria in it or was contaminated by injecting into a rabbit and waiting to see if the rabbit got a fever.
Now this compound from horseshoe crab blood a small amount of it can be used to test whether that is sterile.
So that's been really helpful and there's an effort to find a synthetic alternative so that horseshoe crabs don't have to be harvested at all for that purpose.
When you say synthetic, you mean a human -made version that doesn't require killing any horseshoe crabs to get it.
Exactly. To take the horseshoe crab blood, crabs are captured, and some of their blood is drained out.
The crabs are then put back in the water, but not all of them survive that whole procedure.
So researchers are trying to figure out how to make sure the crabs are treated fairly.
And, as Sarah mentioned, they're trying to find ways to make a chemical that does what the horseshoe blood does, so they don't need to endanger the crabs at all.
My name is Hazel. I'm eight years old.
I live in Gilbert, Arizona.
My question is what color is horseshoe crabs blood?
Their blood is blue.
Yeah, it's a sort of a sky blue color, I suppose.
A lighter blue. and that is because the molecule that's used to carry oxygen in horseshoe crab blood is based on copper.
It's called hemocyanin, and it's kind of like the hemoglobin that's in our blood.
So we have red blood cells, our blood is red, and that molecule in our blood has iron in the middle.
So, Jane, what color does iron turn when it's exposed to oxygen?
Rusty red. Yeah, and what color does copper turn when it gets too much oxygen?
Kind of a blue, which is confusing because if you see a penny, you think it's a copper color, which is like an orangey metallic.
But if you've ever seen a copper roof after a long time, it's kind of a sea blue.
Yeah, or the Statue of Liberty.
Oh yeah, I forgot about that.
Yeah. Yep. So, that's why their blood is blue.
So, are horseshoe crab populations in trouble?
So, it depends on the place and a lot of places they have been over harvested and a lot of people have worked hard to try to protect them.
So, what's the status now?
They are increasing in some places, stable in others, and then there are other places where they have declined.
So it's kind of all over the place.
Horseshoe crabs take about 12 years between the time that they hatch out to the time that they come back to the beach to lay their eggs.
And so that means that anything that's done to protect them when they're laying their eggs, we're not gonna see if the protections worked really well until those crabs grow up and come back.
My name is Sophie, I'm five years old.
I live in Delphine, Pennsylvania.
How long can orchard crabs live?
So 12 years until they are adults, essentially, until they're mature and can make new horseshoe crab babies.
How long do they live in total?
It's hard to know because, unlike something like a fish or like even a clam or a tree, you can't cut it and count rings or count layers on various bones.
They don't have bones like that.
So we have to kind of go by size.
and also to some degree by the things that are growing on the shell can also be used to kind of get a somewhat of an age.
You mean like you'd be like look dude you you have that barnacle that barnacle is at least seven years old which means you must be even older.
That's right, you've had that jewelry for a long time.
But I thought horseshoe crabs molted and got rid of their shells.
The molting slows down once they become mature so they can live up to about 25 30 years we think, yeah.
And how often do they molt in a lifetime?
Oh it's about 15 times.
So they get a new shell 15 or 16 times but most of that is when they're really young.
Yeah they molt six times in their first year yeah and they grow from being you know about the size of a kind of a dull pencil lead all the up to being bigger than a quarter.
Wow in one year. That's a lot.
I mean it still sounds pretty small but if you're a crab it's...
that's a lot of growth.
Yeah yeah yep. There's like a ton of them over there.
All right let's keep moving.
Here's a pair that's actually buried in.
Oh yeah wow. So she came in, she's dug this nest, she's laying the eggs, and then they'll probably leave in a about an hour.
So they're out here on the very edge where we can see them right now and there are so many of them it's so cool because I never see horseshoe crabs and I'm amazed but where are they normally?
Well when it's not time for spawning they stay in the deeper water and they're just out there eating because they're cold -blooded they do slow down in the and stay there.
And that's actually when they get a lot of the barnacles and things on them because they pretty much turn into a rock for a while.
We figured we'd better let the crabs get on with their mating and spawning, but I had to get Sarah to do one more thing while I had a microphone in her face.
Sarah has written a whole song about horseshoe crabs.
It's a specific type of song called a sea shanty, and I sprung it on her as a surprise that I knew about the song and wanted to see if she remembered enough to still be able to sing a verse.
A little bird called the red knot can fly so far, yes quite a lot, from South America to the Arctic on their migration.
While they fly, they stop to rest, they think that horseshoe crab eggs are best for getting fat and bulking up and reaching satiation.
feeding this little bird is quite important I'm sure you've heard how these two animals are strongly linked together their blood is blue that's because of copper it clots up as an infection stopper it I was liking that Oh yeah, I know.
Oh, it's called some cobwebs, yeah, I can't remember.
That was great! Yeah, yeah, yeah, clap.
I've had that song in my head ever since we got Sarah to sing it.
Thanks to Dr. Sarah Grady, senior coastal ecologist with Mass Audubon, for sharing her deep knowledge of horseshoe crabs with us.
We're going to put some videos on our YouTube channel and social media channels if you want to see what these crabs look like.
If you're lucky enough to see a horseshoe crab, observe them very carefully.
They are wild animals, and they deserve to be treated with respect.
They're not afraid of people, and they may come right up to you.
Remember, they don't pinch, and that tail doesn't have any venom or any way to sting you.
If you want to pick one up, though, be very careful.
Hold it like a bowl of cereal, and don't put your fingers in between the two segments of the body, because when they fold, you can get your fingers stuck where their body parts hinge.
And don't keep them out of the water for too long.
Put them back in when you're done observing, and make sure they're not on their backs.
And if you live near the coast there may be a survey happening near you.
Have your adults help you check with your state and local wildlife organizations to see if you can get involved in horseshoe crab conservation efforts.
That's it for this episode.
If you have a question about anything, have an adult record you asking it.
It's easy to do on a smartphone using an app like Voice Memos.
If you are too shy to talk or can't use your voice, you can always have an adult email us a written question and we can use that too.
Be sure to tell us your first name, where you live, and how old you are.
Then have your adult email the file to questions at butyekids .org.
But Why is produced by Melody Baudette, Sara Baker, and me, Jane Lindholm at Vermont Public and distributed by PRX.
Our video producer is Joey Palumbo.
Check out our YouTube Series, But Why Bites!
We put out a short bite -sized video episode every other Friday and we're about to put one out about horseshoe crabs.
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