This is The Indicator from Planet Money.
I'm Waylon Wong.
And I'm Darian Woods.
The FIFA Men's World Cup is expected to be the biggest sports betting event ever.
And around the world.
Sports gambling has a long history that goes back millennia, all the way back to ancient Olympic Games in Greece.
Spectators at horse races in England and France have been betting since the 17th century.
And it's been legal in many countries for decades.
In the U.S., though, sports gambling was essentially illegal until 2018.
Other than Nevada and a handful of other places.
Right.
Always Nevada.
Then in 2018, a Supreme Court decision allowed states to legalize this kind of betting.
But David Aquino has his own take about how long gambling has been a part of American sports.
He's the author of the new book, Over Under, an unexpected history of sports betting.
If you look back, betting and wagering and the people who placed bets were basically at the beginning of nearly every single American sport league and competition that we have.
They were the first ones to show up.
David argues that gambling is not something that grew out of American sports.
It's actually the other way around.
Collegiate and professional sports in the US exist in their current form because of gambling.
Today on the show, David makes his case that the American love of wagering fueled the rise of professional sports.
And he tells us how he views the current boom in gambling.
David Bacchino is an associate professor of sport management at Elon University in North Carolina.
The students in his program learned the business side of sports, from law to sales and marketing.
Do you like survey your students about how many of them you know participate in sports gambling or have like DraftKings accounts?
And is it like 90 percent, 100 percent like sports management students?
I survey them all the time.
It's a super high percentage.
But the two most interesting pieces of information I get from my students.
I ask them directly do you know somebody who you think has a sports betting problem?
And nearly all of them do raise their hands.
But then I asked them, and these are kids who want to work in sport management in some capacity.
I ask them if sport betting is a net negative or a net positive for American sports, and I leave it vague on purpose.
And the vast majority think it's a net negative, even though they participate in it.
David's book charts how this uneasiness with gambling in the US was there from the early days in sports like baseball, football and college basketball.
So how did wagering on an outcome of a game even start?
Well David's book describes how sports didn't used to be a professional or semi-professional activity.
Early on in your book, you point out something that I had never thought about before, which is this idea that if we take baseball, it used to be a recreational activity that people did for fun.
And it wasn't necessarily inevitable that Americans would pay money to watch other people play baseball.
I
Yeah, no, you're absolutely right.
And you know what's going to create that spark that says let's all get together and go watch people play baseball.
You know, what I found in those early years is that what got those people to go out and watch baseball games was gambling, was betting.
It's that me and you show up to a game and I say hey, you take the red team, I'll take the blue team, we'll bet a nickel, we'll bet a dime, we'll bet a dollar, whatever.
And it just gives us a reason to root for one team or the other.
What were the early bets on baseball like?
We don't have that much information on what they were specifically betting on, because these were just literally random people sitting on bleachers in Manhattan.
But there is evidence that people were doing what DraftKings and FanDuel call in-game betting.
Now right.
Pitch by pitch.
And so a batter comes up and say, I bet he gets a hit.
I bet he doesn't.
And we bet on that.
And so this wasn't just...
Who's going to win the game?
People have been doing this sort of in-game betting for years.
And in fact the official historian of Major League Baseball has said that gambling is one of three essential ingredients for a game to grow into a national professional sport.
That's because betting helps people care about the outcome of a game.
I don't think they care for other reasons, too.
Nah.
Just the hard code cash.
Want that nickel.
David says the spectators that placed bets at games proved to be valuable customers.
They bought more tickets and they stayed for longer.
The other two essential ingredients are statistics and publicity.
And David says this combination of gambling stats and public awareness shows up in other professional sports like boxing and American football.
But the people running these leagues haven't always felt comfortable with the connection to betting.
Some of this is tied to cultural ebbs and flows and sentiment around gambling.
But David sees a business reason behind the unease.
They thought that gambling would lead to fixed games.
And fixed games would lead to... the damage to the integrity of the game.
I've come to believe that the word integrity was really just a stand in for value.
And so what they're saying is that, hey, more gambling will lead to fixed games.
Fixed games will then lead to potential decreased fan interest, which will then bring down the value of our franchises, the value of our leagues.
People won't show up anymore.
It's not an unreasonable anxiety, right?
Because you document some of the most famous kind of fixes and scandals in sports, and they were incredibly damaging, right?
Like, it's not good to fix a sports game.
No, it's not.
And there is immediate fallout, especially for the players involved.
I think we've gotten to the point though, where I'm not sure major game fixing scandals would have that much of an effect on the popularity of amateur and professional sports.
And I might be taking a contrarian opinion here.
We've had multiple game fixing scandals and suspensions and arrests since 2018.
Sports have literally never been more popular.
And sports gambling in the U.S. is more popular than ever.
Leagues teams, media networks and even individual athletes have official partnerships with gambling companies, like sportsbook operators.
Data from the American Gaming Association show that sports betting revenues totaled 17 billion in 2025.
That's up 23% from the prior year.
All of this activity has been accompanied by not just game-fixing scandals, but other problems like addiction and the harassment of players.
The NCAA recently surveyed athletes and found that around 35 of Division I men's basketball players reported experiencing social media abuse related to sports betting.
Meanwhile, prediction markets like Kalshi offer another way to bet on games.
With a typical sports book, customers place bets against a bookmaker, the house essentially.
A prediction market is peer-to-peer.
There is no house.
Despite the different mechanics, the end result is still people wagering on games.
That's why some lawmakers have criticized prediction market companies for skirting regulations around sports betting.
Regardless of the platform, David says gambling has become super accessible to fans.
They can place bets through a mobile app.
I've heard some pundits call gambling an invasive species.
I think the complete opposite is true.
I think gambling is native to American sports.
The last 20 years when people have been gambling more, it's an accessibility shift.
If you had given people in the 1930s phones and the laws and the internet, they would have been betting on college football.
Just the same way we are.
Did reporting this book, you know, reshape your thinking in any way around these things?
It has changed my thinking in some ways.
The biggest one is that I don't love that betting is this big a part of American sports, even if it was inevitable.
David says he doesn't like how modern betting has stripped away the communal aspects of sports fandom.
And his students agree.
They do see the pitfalls that are put before us here the potential drawbacks to fans who are more interested in their individual bets than they are for the success of the team.
And I think that's a good thing, because I don't think we're getting rid of legal sports betting anytime soon.
David says he's optimistic that the new generation will come up with ways to limit the negative effects of sports gambling.
Wanna bet?
I'll bet you a nickel.
The stakes are so low, you might get one.
This episode was produced by Julia Ritchie with engineering by Jimmy Keeley.
It was fact-checked by Sierra Juarez.
Kicking Cannon is our show's editor and The Indicator is a production of NPR.
