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I'm Marina Santee.
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The Upano Valley is a place in southern Ecuador.
For as long as most people can remember, it was covered by the Amazon rainforest.
Few people lived there.
But the forest held a secret.
Below the trees was a group of cities.
No one knew they were there for over a Today's Spotlight is on these hidden cities of the Upano Valley.
A recent discovery, these cities change the way that experts see the peoples of the Amazon.
They display a special culture that is new in the history of the world.
The cities of the Apano Valley were first discovered in late 2023.
Experts knew that there were structures in the area.
However, they did not know how many or how large the structures were.
To find out, they examined the ground with a technology called LiDAR.
But LiDAR uses lasers to measure the distance between objects.
An airplane can examine the ground with LiDAR.
It can make a very precise map of what is there.
The LiDAR examination showed a large complex of cities.
There were temples, houses and roads.
The structures were not made from stone like the other cities in South America.
The buildings were dirt hills.
Some of these buildings were created by moving earth.
Some were once hills that the people there shaped into structures.
The LIDAR examination discovered over 6,000 of these structures in the area.
Experts estimate that these structures are thousands of years old.
They believe that the culture that built them lived in the area in 500 BCE.
They deserted the cities around 600 CE.
This means that the cities were in use for 1,000 years.
This is longer than most other cultures in the area and it is a longer time than even the Inca or Maya cultures.
One of the most interesting parts about these cities is their roads.
Most roads in ancient times followed the landscape.
They went around hills because it is easier to build that way.
But the roads in the Upano Valley are perfectly straight.
They go over, and even sometimes through, hills.
The people there dug some of them as deep as five metres.
This is a difficult thing to do, even today.
Stephen Rustan is an archaeologist at the National Centre for Scientific Research in France.
An archaeologist is someone who studies ancient cultures.
He led the studies that discovered the Apano Valley cities.
He spoke to the British Broadcasting Corporation about the mystery of these roads.
Why would you build these straight roads five metres deep?
You can easily walk through the hills.
I think they built them to mark their identity.
They are symbolic roads.
The people of the Upano Valley also constructed their cities in a unique way.
In almost every culture, cities are centralized.
A concentrated group of people live within closely built structures.
People who grow food, such as farmers, live outside cities.
But in the Upano Valley civilization, farms were part of the city.
Large pieces of farmland separated different home groups.
But the buildings are still close enough to be called a single city.
Other civilizations pushed the environment outside of their cities.
But the people of the Upano Valley built their cities within it.
It is difficult to know what the society of the people of the Apano Valley was like.
But evidence suggests that they had a complex society.
Again.
Rustan spoke to the British Broadcasting Cooperation about what the people may have been like.
The people living in these societies did not move around.
They were not lost in the rainforest looking for food.
They were not the small tribes of the Amazon we know today.
They were a highly specialized people.
They were earth movers, engineers, farmers, fishermen, priests, chiefs or kings.
It was a layered society.
It was a specialized society.
It was something like ancient Rome.
This picture of a cultured society is quite different from the stereotypes of Amazonian people.
Often people portray native Amazonian people as lesser than they are.
Or they believe that they are less intelligent than others because they live by hunting and gathering their food.
Historians sometimes backed up this unfortunate way of thinking.
Because no one found a complex civilization, some did not think these native people capable of one.
People wishing to take native land use this as an excuse.
But the Upano Valley civilization proves this false.
Native Amazonians were just as capable of making complex societies as their Western counterparts, and they did it in a unique way that let the environment in
We do not know why the people of the Apano Valley deserted their cities.
There may have been wars or other conflicts, but experts believe it was probably due to natural disasters.
The Apano Valley lies below the Sangai volcano.
The ash from the volcano would have helped the city's crops grow quickly.
But volcanoes are dangerous to live near.
A large explosion could have made it difficult to survive there.
Ash from a large explosion could have made sunlight difficult to reach, And it may have killed off crops and even changed the climate.
The discoveries of the cities of the Upano Valley is an important scientific discovery.
Until recently, experts believed there were no large cultures in the Amazon.
They believed that the native population lived as they do today, as hunters and gatherers.
But this discovery shows that there is a larger history of the native population that we have yet to learn.
That history is more interesting and complex than anyone could have understood before.
The discovery is also important for understanding native culture.
It shows that the native people of the Amazon could build cities, and they were able to do so in a special way.
Instead of destroying the land, they created living spaces within nature.
This may help us understand how to design cities in the future.
It will be important to listen to native leadership when it comes to this.
Manari Ushigua is a leader from the Sapara Nation.
He spoke to the art newspaper about the discovery of the Apano Valley cities.
These are holy sites.
Protecting them is important.
It is not just for our communities.
These sites are important for all humanity.
They contain secrets about climate change.
These secrets can help the Amazonian environment, but they can also help the whole planet.
We are suffering from the effects of unrestrained development and environmental destruction everywhere.
But if we look to the forest and these ancient places, we can learn a lot.
Do you know much about the people of the Amazon?
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The writer of this program was Dan Christman.
The producer was Michio Ozaki.
The voices you heard were from the United Kingdom and the United States.
All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight.
No AI or artificial intelligence was used in this program.
Spotlight programs are written, voiced and produced by real people for real people, no matter where in the world they live.
This program is called The City That Rewrote History.
We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program.
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